Q 1 . Discuss the purpose of packages Why are they necessary, and how Assignment

Q 1 . Discuss the purpose of packages Why are they necessary, and how has the need for them changed Q 2. what are some of the factors that have led to changes in packaging - Assignment Example However, the only method through which customers as well as manufacturers differentiate between these products is through packaging of these goods. Packaging has experienced various changes in its design over the years. This need for change in design has been caused due to various factors. For instance during the period of 1980s as well as the 1990s, the main concern of the designers of packaging material was to add value to the good being packaged and thus they worked on the aesthetics of packaging design in order to generate higher number of sales (Moor 25). Later the need for packaging changed with the designer’s concern for the environment safety and protection. Due to this need, designers started focusing on creating packaging material that not only kept the goods being packaged safe, they even started giving consideration the safety of the environment. For example the use of reusable and recyclable packaging material was caused due to the need for environmental protectio n. 2. Several factors have contributed heavily to the change in packaging design; one of the main factors that motivate these changes includes the alterations in the attitudes of the customers. For example customers have now become aware of packaging waste and its negative impact on the environment and thus their demand for environment friendly packaging has increased and this has motivated package designers to create packaging material that can easily be recycled. Another reason due to which the need for changes in packaging design may have occurred is due to the changes in the conditions of the market (Soroka 14). For example market conditions may become worse and the manufacturers plan to provide a discount to the customers of that particular market, in order to state the discount on the package of the content and to attract customers through discounted pricing, designers may have to redesign their packaging. Governments and policy makers may even

How to accomplish a daily task Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

How to accomplish a daily task - Essay Example The instructions will tell the students what to do and inform them of the assignment’s basic mechanics. It also provides the criteria for scoring the assignment. For instance, to get a score of A+, the assignment should have a clear thesis, strong arguments, good grammar and spelling, and follow all mechanics. Students should make sure they understand the instructions before doing the actual assignment. If something is unclear, they should not hesitate to ask their teachers, so that they can avoid making wrong assignments. The next part is to follow the instructions, and then revising, editing, and proofreading their work. Students should focus on the instructions, especially when a specific topic and word count are included. They should do research, when required, and support their ideas or opinions with credible evidence. Furthermore, students should also revise their work, which means that they will check if the whole paper followed the assignment requirements. Then, they should also edit it, which refers to the process of reading the paper out loud and ensuring that the flow of ideas is clear. Afterwards, they should proofread their papers by checking spelling, punctuation, word choice, and grammar. A school assignment is part of the learning process because it checks if the students learned the concepts and skills taught in class. This paper offers a way of helping students organize their process of completing their assignments. The next time that they hear their teacher tell them that they have homework, they no longer need to be stressed, because they know now how to do it the right

Research paper on Europeans in America Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

On Europeans in America - Research Paper Example In around 1000 A.D., Leif Eriksson is said to have discovered North America (Ingstad, 2000, p.1). The early European explorers were trying to identify sea routes, which would lead them to Asia. The first officially known explorer of these routes was Christopher Columbus who undertook his sailing by order of the monarch of Spain in 1492. He made three expeditions before his death in 1506 and was able to identify the Caribbean Islands in the Bahamas. After his death, the Spanish continued the further explorations of new lands. In 1499, Italian navigators Amerigo Vespucci and Alonso de Ojeda sailed to the northern coast of South America and referred to the newly found land as a new continent. The European mapmakers named the new continent America in honor of Amerigo and Alonso de Ojeda. In 1513, a Spanish explorer Vans co Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and became the first European explorer to see the Pacific Ocean. In the same year, Juan Ponce de Leon explored the Bahama s and Florida in search of the Fountain of Youth (Space and Warren, 2011 p.4). In 1497, John Cabot, a navigator from England, traveled to the new world. French explorers Giovanni da Verrazano and Jacques Cartier explored the Atlantic coast of the present US in 1524 and 1534. As European explorers continued to look for the shortest sea routes to Asia, they also thought of colonizing the newly found land. As a result, Spain by hands of Hernan Cortes invaded Mexico in 1519 and Francisco Pizarro invaded Peru in 1532. The Early Settlement in America-New Spain Of all the European nations, Spain was the pioneering one to the colonization of America. Cortes invaded Mexico and defeated the Aztec Empire in the period 1519-1521. By 1533, Pizarro had conquered the Incas of Peru. The Spanish in their search for rumored piles of gold and silver in America sent expeditions to Kansas and Colorado under Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, Hernando de Soto and Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca. These early explo rers were searching for cities made of gold and silver, but they did not find them. Instead, in 1545 they discovered silver at Potosi, in what is presently Bolivia, as well as in Mexico in the same year. The new American gold and silver mines remained a powerful base for Spain’s wealth and power for a century. After the Spanish conquest in the new world, the Spanish Jesuits attempted to convert the Native Americans to Christianity. Mission centers were established in the new empire, in Florida, in New Mexico and in Virginia. After defeating the Native Americans, the Spanish established a system of forced labor known as ecomienda which was later abandoned after the Spanish religious and government authorities witnessed the brutality of the system. The Spaniards, therefore, started establishing large estates of land known as haciendas. In the beginning of the 17 century, the Dutch, Swedish, French and English colonists started arriving in the New World. By then, the Spanish col onies in New Granada (Colombia), Caribbean, New Spain (Mexico) were a century old. The colonies were a major source of power for Spain and became the main source of jealously from other European nations. French Settlement in New World By the year 1530, the French explorers had navigated the coast of America from newly found lands to Carolinas; a French explorer Samuel de Champlain had build a foundation of what came to be known as French Canada (New France) in

Accounting for Small Business Essay Example for Free

Accounting for Small Business Essay ABSTRACT SMEs play a very important role in Indias economy and have a great potential for strengthening the real sector in India. But there has not been appropriate infrastructure yet which is accounting system to show the business feasibility. Traditional business in Indian Villages had been started by a family and ancestors, but has gotten bigger now. This business has many strengths and weaknesses. Based on the condition and background, the proposed-accounting system has been developed. It has been also successfully tested for a month transaction and revised. Adding knowledge management into accounting system is an alternative way to develop the proposed-accounting system. The four modes of knowledge creation will facilitate the business and its owner to add some modules in accounting system and to reengineer the business process. See more: Distinguish between problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping Essay INTRODUCTION: Small business plays a very important role in Indias economy, particularly in aspects increased employment, income generating, economic development. In addition, this sector is considered as a driving force for the rural economy. But until now there are still many problems to hinder the small business growth. Facts in the Asia Pacific region revealed that Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) employ about 60 percent of the workforce. Only 10 percent of the total companies in Asia Pacific which is a big business, the rest are SMEs. For India, according to Small Medium Business Corner (SMBC) data in 2012 the numbers of micro, small and medium enterprises develop into 130 Lakhs (http://www.smeindia.net/export_schemes/OverviewofMSME.html) by giving employment to 410 Lakhs people and able to contribute to the total national GDP amounted to 8-9 percent in 2012. Basic problem of management in small business is inability of owners to determine their management style that appropriate with the business need and development stage. In early stage of business, family management style leads to one-man show. According to improvement of business environment, that conventional style could not be pushed longer. Especially in financial management, the business owners could not be able to separate the financial management of business and family yet. Besides, they have not well planned, managed and reported periodically yet. It is caused by there is no appropriate infrastructure which is accounting system. The impact is that the owners of small business have difficulties to cooperate with external such as bank or another financial institution. The owners have difficulties to show their feasibility business when they want to propose credit or make a business contract with another business. Based on the importance of an accounting system, this research results a proposed-accounting system which can be applied by owners of small business in India. The proposed-accounting system is a generic model of purchasing and selling system that should be enhanced according to business need and by refer to the knowledge management approach. LITERATURE REVIEW: ACCOUNTING SYSTEM: According to Gillespie, accounting system is an organization of document, form and report which is managed to provide information for management. Based on that definition, elements of accounting system are documents, forms and reports, but still concern with procedure and internal control. Therefore, proposed-elements in this study will refer to it. SMALL BUSINESS: Under the law of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (2008), definition of SMEs in India is explained by the table below. Based on the definition, the research object is categorized as a small business. DEFINITION OF SMES IN INDIA Enterprises engaged in providing or rendering of services (i) A micro enterprise is an enterprise where the investment in equipment does not exceed Rs. 10 lakh; (ii) A small enterprise is an enterprise where the investment in equipment is more than Rs.10 lakh but does not exceed Rs. 2 crore; and (iii) A medium enterprise is an enterprise where the investment in equipment is more than Rs. 2 crore but does not exceed Rs. 5 crore. Enterprises engaged in the manufacture or production, processing or preservation of goods (i) A micro enterprise is an enterprise where investment in plant and machinery does not exceed Rs. 25 lakh; (ii) A small enterprise is an enterprise where the investment in plant and machinery is more than Rs. 25 lakh but does not exceed Rs. 5 crore; and (iii) A medium enterprise is an enterprise where the investment in plant and machinery is more than Rs.5 crore but does not exceed Rs.10 crore. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT: System development in this study will follow the three main steps a.System analysis: Activities in this stage are initial study, feasibility study, requirement definition, and specification system arrangement. b.System design:   After finishing system analysis, the next activities are system design, system building and system testing. c.System implementation:   Based on system testing, a revised system will be established. Finally, system is implemented and operated. At this stage, company will conduct maintenance activity. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Since this study wants to develop a proposed-accounting system, â€Å"Research and development† approach which is applied in this study is a research program that is followed by a development program. It is a combination of descriptive study that describes the actual phenomenon in an object and exploratory research that develops a proposed -accounting system. A proposed-accounting system is focused on purchasing and selling system since those are the main activities in the business. The location of this study, Traditional small business in Indian Villages, was chosen on purpose, because this business in the Villages has significantly improved in sales and human empowering, also government is paying attention by giving assistantship for both management and technology. Primary data of this study was the results of guided interviews and observation. The steps of this study are designed as follow: a.Initial study Preliminary research was conducted to comprehend previous studies and literature, guided questionnaire drafting, and Traditional business understanding. b.System requirement defining At this stage, the data was obtained by interview with business owners and observation directly to the business. By understanding the research object condition and background, also the strength and weakness, the accounting system requirement could be defined. c.Development of proposed-accounting system At this stage, development of proposed-accounting system was managed by interviews, observation, and group discussion among owners, researcher and government, related to main accounting system elements, which are document, form and report. In its development, knowledge management approach was proposed to use since it can facilitate business daily operation into business standard operation. The result of this stage was a proposed-accounting system. d.Testing and implementation Testing was accomplished by implementing the proposed system to handle a month transactions. Owners and their staff used it to run transactions of purchasing and selling for a month. By running the system, problems were found and then they were used to revise the system. At this stage, a revised-accounting system was established. e.Conclusions and recommendations In the final stage of this study, conclusions and suggestions from all research processes were stated. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: PROFILE OF TRADITIONAL BUSINESS IN INDIAN VILLAGES: India is one of the major exporter and supplier of handicrafts and gift products to the world market. The Indian handicrafts industry is highly labor intensive and decentralized, being spread all across the country in rural and urban areas. The sector is considered as the second largest employment-generating sector after agriculture with numerous artisans engaged in craft work on a part-time basis. The industry offers employment to over 6 million artisans, including a large number of women and people from the weaker sections of society. The present day handicraft tradition of India is a perfect example of assimilation between the traditional designs and modern techniques. The fast growing demand for Indian handicraft and gifts products have made this sector a full-fledged large scale organized industry that is growing day by day. History The rich history of India’s craft tradition has evolved over the centuries offering a legacy of Indian culture promising everything beauty, dignity, form and style. The variety is comprehensive and ranges from age-old stone carvings to modern handicrafts making use of glass flints and mirrors. The most popular crafts, include metalware, earthenware, pottery, sculpting, woodwork, hand-printed textiles and scarves, embroidered and crocheted goods, shawls, zari products, stone carving and imitation jewelry. There is a myriad of art and craft traditions in India that depend on social, economic and regional factors. The present status of the sector in India owes much to the rich crafts history and tradition of the past. Majority of the crafts from the past continues to flourish due to their utilitarian characteristics, availability to the common people and popularity in domestic and global markets. Today, some of the sectors within the craft industry have even become full fledged industries in their own, like carpet weaving, traditional textile (Banarsi silk sari, Chikankari etc), gem cutting and polishing, jewelry making, the world famous diamond cutting and polishing industry, brassware, jute products, etc. The growth of these industries is due to their ever-increasing demand and the popularity of Indian crafts in the domestic market and overseas. Gems and jewelry, carpet making, metalware, leather products, jute products etc. are some industries, which are growing rapidly.

Tattooing of Both Sexes in Samoa Essay Example for Free

Tattooing of Both Sexes in Samoa Essay The art of tattooing is widespread throughout Polynesia, and in Samoa the art form has become and remained strong. In Samoa the process of tattooing is known as Tatau . â€Å"Tatau are the tattooed lines and motifs that appear on the body, and the tatau artist is known as the tufuga† (MALLON, 2002). The Samoan tattoo is also known as a traditional mark of adulthood for both men and women. â€Å"Samoans are the only group of Polynesians-and one of the only groups of the Pacific Islanders-who still practice the traditional art of tattooing† (Nicholas Thomas, Anne Cole, and Bonwen Douglas, 2005). Out of the two tattoos for the men and women, the most impressive one is for the men, and the proper term for it is Tatau . â€Å"Tatau has often been recognized as a necessary rite of passage for young men† (MALLON, 2002).After being tattooed, the young man is not only accepted as a full member of the aumaga (the association of young men), but is also allowed to serve the matai. â€Å"The tatau also symbolizes ideas connected with the wrapping, sealing and defense of the body, as well as with decorating it and making it beautiful. So it is seen as both a treasure and a stepping stone for young men to manhood, something that garners respect for the wearer by speaking of his inner strength and resilience† (Marquardt.C, 1984)These values generally remain central to the process and ritual of tatatau today. In some migrant Samoan communities overseas, tatau has also become and identity marker, a way of signifying the Samoan heritage and way of life (Kramer, 1995). Tatau is such a strong image of Samoan identity that it’s symbols and motifs appears on clothing and apparel, and have be re-p resented by artists in the new media and art forms today. Mallon said that an account recorded I the 19th century, it is said that two sisters, Taema and Tilafaiga, who were Siamese twins, bought the first tattooing tools to Samoa. They acquired the tools and the instructions on how to use them from the tattooist Filelei and Tufou in Fiji. They were told to tattoo the women and not the men, and they sang this instruction over and over as they paddled their canoe to Samoa. On the way they saw a large and beautiful shell glistening in the waters below and so they stopped singing in order to swim down and fetch it. On returning to their canoe they tried to remember what they were singing and got the song mixed up. â€Å"Tattoo the men and not the women they sang† and this was the message they took to Samoa. Samoan men received a heavy tatau from the waist to the knee which is known as Pe’a. It is made up of fine parallel lines and areas of shade and wide range of motifs and geometric patterns. The word Pe’a refers to both the tatau and to the fruit-eating bat known as the flying fox. The untitled young men with the tatau are called Sogaimiti and as such they are responsible for serving and performing duties for the matai (Sunia, 2002)A man with no tatau is known as Pala’u. Women’s tatau appeared on the legs, starting at the knee and finishing at the top of the thighs. The women’s tatau is called Malu, and it is less elaborate than the pe’a and its structure is less well defined. The malu perhaps takes its name from the malu motif, which is placed behind the knee, and it is the one of the key motifs not seen on men’s tatau or pe’a. â€Å"The resurgence of tatatau among young men and women began around the time of Western Samoa’s Independence in 1962. At this time people were not allowed into chiefly assemblies unless they were tattooed. â€Å"And more recently, in 1990, one of the village in Savaii made it compulsory for all men to have a pe’a† (MALLON, 2002). This resurgence of the tatau has continued. As Samoans has migrated to other places in the world, they took their culture and custom with them. The tatau is seen as a strong statement of the Samoan heritage and identity (Kramer, 1995) â€Å"The origins of Samoan tatau motifs can be traced back to around 1500 BC, to the early ancestors of the Polynesian people. At this time the people of the Pacific were making the distinctive decorated pottery that archaeologists call Lapita ware. The tattoo and bark cloth decoration† (Kramer, 1995) In Samoan society, the tattooing specialist is known as the tufuga tatatau. â€Å"In the 19th century tufuga tatatau were associated with two family braches, Su’a and Tulouena† (Kramer 1995). The Su’a worked mainly in Upolu and the Sa Tulouena mainly in Savaii. The work asa tufuga tatatau and the skills of tatatau continue to be transferred from generation to generation. The handmade tools used often by the tufuga tatatau of the Sa Su’a and Sa Tuloena comprises a set of tattooing combs, and a short wooden rod or tattooing mallet. The hand tools are especially valued and are finely crafted. The tattooing is very painful, not only because of the body been covered, but also because of the implements employed. In order to cover a large area of the body with dense, intricate designs, the artist hammers the ink into the skin with sharp tattooed combs of different patterns. The combs ae made from flat, polished sections of boar’s tusk, filed into rows of sharps teeth. The combs are bound to a wooden, metal, or turtle shell backing, which in turn is bound at right angles to the end of a short, thin stick. On the day a man is going to have his tatau, he is going to lie down on a mat with a pillow under his stomach to flatten the arch in the small of his back. The tattooist then dips the comb into the ink made from kerosene soot and water, places the comb in position with his left hand and then raps the holding stick smartly with another stick that he holds in his right hand. â€Å"The blow drove the teeth of the comb into the skin where they deposited the ink. The master proceeded quickly along the line of the pattern, tapping out a smooth rhythm while one of the other young subjects wiped away the blood and extra ink with a rag (MALLON, 2002).There will be people stretching the skin tight with their hands to maintain an even pattern and holding him still so that he would not spoil the design by writhing. Others sat by watching, prepared to sing or play the ukulele to distract him from his pain. When the first session has completed, whoever has been tattooed will bath in the cool fresh water. The process goes on until the lower knees were completed successfully, then the tattooist adds a small signature design around the naval, signifying that the tattoo was complete. â€Å"The tattoo ceremony also marks the beginning of adulthood. In addition, it brings a great deal of attention and praise to young men at a time in their lives when they normally get very little or either† (S.Kipeni, 1962).Tattooing also gives the young men’s families an opportunity to show that thy can afford the costly ceremony. The tattoo was formerly a sign chiefly status or impending chiefly status, as no matai was without one (Kramer, 1995).This traditional association must have less force today when none of the older chiefs have tattoos and virtually all of the young men become chiefs, with or without tattoos All of these factors induce young men to endure the pain of tattooing, but the most important factor is the pain of tattooing itself. Young men adorn themselves with full body tattoos primarily to demonstrate that they can withstand the pain. â€Å"Machismo is high on the list of desired traits among Samoan men, and tattooing is an excellent demonstration of courage and endurance† (Marquardt.C, 1984). â€Å"The tattoo is quintessentially Samoan and wearing one is a matter of cultural pride† (MALLON, 2002).Receiving the tatau can be and affirmation of the person and the soul. It can be a public statement of commitment to families, communities, and culture. â€Å"It can speak of many things; such as place, values, memories and origins. It is many things, such as an ornament or garment that once worn, can never be removed (MALLON, 2002).

Effect of an Increase in Molar Mass on Enthalpy Change

Effect of an Increase in Molar Mass on Enthalpy Change An investigation to determine the effect of an increase in molar mass on the enthalpy change of combustion of fuels Method Variables: Independent Variable: Molar mass (type) of alcohol. Dependant Variable: The following variable will be observed and measured: * Mass of the alcohol used. Controlled Variable: The following variables will need to be controlled: * Mass of water, the mass of water will be measured using a measuring cylinder. * Amount of wick on burner, the amount of wick on the burner will be measured using a standard ruler and kept constant as it affects the amount of alcohol burnt. * Height of beaker above flame, the beaker will be set up so that the base just touches the flame. * Type of beaker, the same beaker will be used and marked, as the density and size of the beaker affect the amount of heat energy transferred to the water. * Agitation of the water, the water will need to be stirred in every experiment as to prevent any anomalous results. * Temperature change is held constant, measured with a thermometer reading from -10oC to 110oC, with an uncertainty of  ±0.5oC Method Procedure: 1. Measure 100cm3 of water in the measuring cylinder. 2. Pour the water into the 250cm3 beaker and record its temperature. 3. Choose a spirit burner. Record the name of the fuel, and the mass of the whole burner (including the lid and fuel inside). 4. Clamp the beaker, and set it up so that the spirit burner will fit comfortably under it. 5. Light the 6mm wick of the spirit burner, and put it under the 250 cm3 beaker. 6. Stir the water gently with the thermometer, and watch the temperature. When it has increased by 20 °C, put the lid on the spirit burner to put the flame out. 7. Record the new mass of the whole burner (including the lid and fuel inside). 8. Using fresh water each time, repeat the experiment at least twice with the same fuel. 9. Repeat all for different fuels. Result: Quantitative raw data: Fuel Name Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Temperature Mass Before/g ( ±0.01) Mass After/g ( ±0.01) Mass Before/g ( ±0.01) Mass After/g ( ±0.01) Before/oC ( ±0.05) After/oC ( ±0.05) Methanol 181.48 180.00 179.79 178.22 20.00 40.00 Ethanol 215.64 214.50 214.52 213.50 20.00 40.00 Propan-1-ol 228.70 227.39 227.39 225.91 20.00 40.00 Butan-1-ol 174.63 173.96 173.96 173.34 20.00 40.00 Pentan-1-ol 172.33 171.47 171.47 170.84 20.00 40.00 Octan-1-ol 218.77 217.72 217.72 216.85 20.00 40.00 Observations during Experiment: All reactions were exothermic as the beaker and the surrounding began to warm up. Fuel Name Observation Methanol It burnt with a short dim orangey yellow flame. The base of the beaker was partly covered with soot. Small bubbles formed at the base of the beaker. Ethanol It burnt with a pale orangey yellow flame. The base of the beaker was slightly darkened by the formation of soot. Small bubbles formed at the base of the beaker. Propan-1-ol It burnt with a thin bright orangey yellow flame. The base of the beaker was again slightly darkened by the formation of soot. Small bubbles formed at the base of the beaker. Butan-1-ol It burnt with a narrow and long yellowish orange flame. The base of the beaker was considerably darkened by the formation of soot. Small bubbles formed at the base of the beaker. Pentan-1-ol It burnt with a narrow and long yellowish orange flame. The base of the beaker was completely darkened by the formation of soot. Small bubbles formed at the base of the beaker. Octan-1-ol It burnt with a narrow and long distinct yellow flame. The base of the beaker was fully obscured by the formation of soot. Small bubbles formed at the base of the beaker. Analysis: The heat that is released in the combustion of an alcohol is absorbed by the liquid. The temperature change of the liquid is then related to the heat of combustion of the alcohol (heat released in a reaction (combustion in this case) = heat gained by the substance). I can work out the heat energy absorbed by the liquid using the formula: Heat Energy transferred (Q) = mà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢cà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T c = specific heating capacity of water (4.18 Jg-1K-1) m = mass of water (in grams) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T = change in temperature of the water. And find the enthalpy (heat) change of combustion per fraction of a mole of the alcohol. For example: Mass of water (m) = 100g ( ±0.5), Change in Temperature (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T) = 20.00 °C ( ±0.10) Therefore, Heat Energy Transferred (Q) = mà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢cà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T (degree of uncertainty) = 100 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢ 4.18 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢ 20 ( ±0.5 +  ±0.10) = 8360 J ( ±0.6) = 8.36 kJ ( ±0.6) This is the same for every reaction as the mass of water remains constant. From here on, I can calculate the enthalpy change per fraction of a mole of the substance as it combusts to form its products: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Hc Alcohol + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water Mass of Methanol used = 1.52g ( ±0.02) Number of moles (N) = M/RMM (percentage degree of uncertainty) = 1.52g / 32.04g ( ±2.00% +  ±0%) = 0.0474 mol ( ±2.00%) Where, M = Mass of the Alcohol used to heat the amount of water RMM = Relative Molar Mass of the Alcohol obtained from the data book, so the percentage uncertainty is  ±0% à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢ Enthalpy change of Combustion (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Hc) = Q/N (percentage degree of uncertainty) = 8.36 kJ / 0.0474 mol ( ±7.17% +  ±2.00%) = 176.22 ( ±9.17%) All calculations are done similarly. Fuel Name Average Initial mass/g ( ±0.01) Average Final mass/g ( ±0.01) (M) Mass used/g ( ±0.02) (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  T) Temp change/ °C ( ±0.10) (Q) Heat Energy Transferred/kJ ( ±0.12) (N) Number of Moles used/mol ( ±2.00%) (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Hc) Enthalpy change of Combustion ( ±9.17%) /kJ mol-1 Methanol 180.64 179.11 1.52 20.00 8.36 4.74 x10-2 -176.22 Ethanol 215.08 214.00 1.08 20.00 8.36 2.34 x10-2 -356.62 Propan-1-ol 228.05 226.65 1.40 20.00 8.36 2.33 x10-2 -358.82 Butan-1-ol 174.30 173.65 0.65 20.00 8.36 0.88 x10-2 -953.29 Pentan-1-ol 171.90 171.16 0.75 20.00 8.36 0.85 x10-2 -982.58 Octan-1-ol 218.25 217.29 0.96 20.00 8.36 0.74 x10-2 -1134.09 Conclusion: From the table it is evident that the molar mass of an alcohol increases the amount of heat energy it dispenses per fraction of a mole. Also, the graph shows that there is a positive correlation between molar mass and enthalpy change of combustion for alcohols. What could explain the relation is that as the molar mass increases there is an increase in the number of available carbon atoms to combine with oxygen and release energy. Therefore, an increase in molar mass will have an incremental effect on the enthalpy change of combustion. Evaluation: Fuel Name Literature à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Hc Value (LV) Experimental à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Hc Value (EV) Literature error (EV – LV)/LV*100 Methanol -726.00 -176.22 75.76% Ethanol -1367.30 -356.62 74.00% Propan-1-ol -2021.00 -358.82 82.24% Butan-1-ol -2675.60 -953.29 64.38% Pentan-1-ol -3328.70 -982.58 70.48% Octan-1-ol -5293.60 -1134.09 78.58% Table depicting the percentage error of the experimental value from the actual value available in the data book Average Literature error: 74.22% The results are not consistent with the literature values, all of the reactants did not completely combust due to the lack of oxygen, leading to the formation of soot and carbon monoxide, which means that the heat output is less than it would have been if all of the carbon burnt, since the calculations are based on the mass of the un-burnt carbon, the calculated value is less than the literature value. The beaker would not have transferred all the heat across; some would have been lost in heating the beaker as well as the clamp and stand, this would have caused the value to be less than the actual value. Other possible sources of error could be by slight differences in the values of the fixed variables, like the mass of water not being exactly 100g, due to incorrect reading of the measuring cylinder caused by a parallax (when the scale is read at an angle to the eye, as the light is refracted through the glass, the reading appears to be at a different position). The same error could have been also made in the reading of the thermometer, causing there to be wrong temperature readings. There were some anomalies when reading the graph as two values were almost identical. It could have been due to the amount of wick on the burner as it would not have been exactly the same (6mm) on each burner as this was difficult to measure. This would have caused differences in the amount of alcohol burnt. The flame was not always just touching the beaker, as this again was difficult to measure accurately, and would have caused differences in the amount of heat given off as the temperature of the flame is different at different heights. Also, the thermometer was not in the same place at each temperature recording, as even though the water was stirred, there would be differences in the temperature of the water at different depths. Errors mentioned in conducting Experiment Possible corrections that could be made Incomplete Combustion of reactants Placing the fuel in an airtight chamber and controlling the flow of air through valves as to make the correct stoichiometric balance ratio of carbon and oxygen. Heat loss to the surrounding Insulation of the beaker, boss, clamp and stand by wrapping them with polystyrene. Also, Preventing any draught from carrying the heat energy away by placing a board to shield it. Parallax error Position of eye at all volumetric vessels must be at the same level as the meniscus. Transfer of heat energy to the liquid A calorimeter made of a better heat conducting material, perhaps something strong and lightweight like aluminium.

Custom Written Essays: Ranking the Play Hamlet -- The Tragedy of Hamlet

Ranking the Play Hamlet  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The Shakespearean tragedy Hamlet is among the best ever written, and perhaps the very best. Why do the literary critics say this? In this essay let’s examine the play to see what makes it a prizewinner.    Phyllis Abrahms and Alan Brody in â€Å"Hamlet and the Elizabethan Revenge Tragedy Formula† give some detail about the reasons for the undying popularity of this play:    No play demonstrates the power and glory of Shakespeare’s tragic vision more than Hamlet, which for over 350 years has excited us with its action, its insight, its brilliant language. Hamlet is an unparalleled adventure story, complete with suspense, intrigue, murder – even a battle at sea with pirates. It is a play of intense emotional and physical violence. Yet underlying all of this are some of the most profound explorations of the mysteries of human existence. (43)    This play is ranked by many as the very greatest ever written. Cumberland Clark in â€Å"The Supernatural in Hamlet† gives the consensus regarding Hamlet that exists among literary critics of today:    At least six or seven years pass after the writing of Midsummer Night’s Dream before we find Shakespeare engaged on Hamlet, the second of the great plays with an important Supernatural element, and, in the opinion of many, the greatest tragedy ever penned. (99)    There is no more exalted ranking than the above. Richard A. Lanham in the essay â€Å"Superposed Plays† maintains that no other English tragedy has generated the literary comment which this play has produced: â€Å"Hamlet is one of the great tragedies. It has generated more comment than any other written document in English literature, one would guess, reverent, serious comment on it... ...iversity Press, 1965. Lanham, Richard A. â€Å"Superposed Plays.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from The Motives of Eloquence: Literary Rhetoric in the Renaissance. N.p.: Yale University Press, 1976. Levin, Harry. General Introduction. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"Hamlet: A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p.: Pocket Books, 1958. Custom Written Essays: Ranking the Play Hamlet -- The Tragedy of Hamlet Ranking the Play Hamlet  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The Shakespearean tragedy Hamlet is among the best ever written, and perhaps the very best. Why do the literary critics say this? In this essay let’s examine the play to see what makes it a prizewinner.    Phyllis Abrahms and Alan Brody in â€Å"Hamlet and the Elizabethan Revenge Tragedy Formula† give some detail about the reasons for the undying popularity of this play:    No play demonstrates the power and glory of Shakespeare’s tragic vision more than Hamlet, which for over 350 years has excited us with its action, its insight, its brilliant language. Hamlet is an unparalleled adventure story, complete with suspense, intrigue, murder – even a battle at sea with pirates. It is a play of intense emotional and physical violence. Yet underlying all of this are some of the most profound explorations of the mysteries of human existence. (43)    This play is ranked by many as the very greatest ever written. Cumberland Clark in â€Å"The Supernatural in Hamlet† gives the consensus regarding Hamlet that exists among literary critics of today:    At least six or seven years pass after the writing of Midsummer Night’s Dream before we find Shakespeare engaged on Hamlet, the second of the great plays with an important Supernatural element, and, in the opinion of many, the greatest tragedy ever penned. (99)    There is no more exalted ranking than the above. Richard A. Lanham in the essay â€Å"Superposed Plays† maintains that no other English tragedy has generated the literary comment which this play has produced: â€Å"Hamlet is one of the great tragedies. It has generated more comment than any other written document in English literature, one would guess, reverent, serious comment on it... ...iversity Press, 1965. Lanham, Richard A. â€Å"Superposed Plays.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from The Motives of Eloquence: Literary Rhetoric in the Renaissance. N.p.: Yale University Press, 1976. Levin, Harry. General Introduction. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"Hamlet: A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p.: Pocket Books, 1958.