What Everybody Dislikes About Short Term Goals Essay Samples and Why

What Everybody Dislikes About Short Term Goals Essay Samples and Why It's far better to be at the base of the ladder you wish to climb than at the peak of the one which you don't. No matter where you're in life, obtaining an aim is a vital part of living. Success in your job can compensate for feelings of failure in your personal life. Short Term Goals Essay Samples Features Our writers always create unique content that is totally free from all grammatical error. Employing the above mentioned example of making a job managing a development group, you ought to know the credentials, experience and techniques required to make a leadership position. Below you'll discover a list of career goal examples which are both realistic and achievable. Bear in mind, goal setting is a continuing activity not simply a means to a conclusion. Every goal may have a monetary price, so that you may observe how much that conversion is worth to your company. Goal setting is a process which starts with careful consideration of what you wish to achieve, and ends with lots of hard work to really do it. Effective goal setting demands consideration of the system which surrounds you. Creating a personal brand is able to help you obtain respect and it might force you to feel more involved in your work. Affordable Papers is an online writing service that has helped students from the united kingdom, US, and Europe for at least 10 decades. As a working professional, there are lots of tactics to broaden your knowledge, including enrolling in a variety of courses, attending workshops and training programs, getting certificates, and many more. For example, business will require an individual who takes risks and try new pursuits. The Most Popul ar Short Term Goals Essay Samples Long-term goals span longer lengths of time and can take six months or more time to finish. Usually, short-term goals span a day or two or a couple weeks and never last longer than six months. The short-term goals resume choice is still for you to make, but it is quite critical for your future success to make the best decision as it is likely to influence drastically on your future. For example, your short-term goal isn't to be late today for school and by doing this you can fulfil your long-term goal to acquire great grades and go to a very good college. A business plan is a critical part of getting your company off the ground. Changing from 1 career to another is a problem that has lead to a lot of individuals ending up in failure. The procedure for obtaining a new job may be quite stressful, but it's often vital to come up with your abilities and acquire new understanding. Besides having the sum to invest with and a fantastic business plan to begin, you have to have the proper vision and mission too. Short Term Goals Essay Samples - the Story Writing a fantastic college admission essay is simpler than you believe! Hence, it's very vital that you focus on the very simple college essay formatting guidelines, which are given below. Now spend the statement above and make sure it's worded positively. Next, take into consideration how you are able to produce the statement above as specific as possible. The cost of an essay rides on the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. Find somebody who shares the very same sentiments as you. The very best thing about us is that each and every time you can buy original essay papers for sale. You must keep your answer pertinent to the work description. The Good, the Bad and Short Term Goals Essay Samples Career goals, I would like to pursue a productive way, dental samples. Explore the field you're in. As one of the most usual career goal examples, earning a promotion can be readily achieved provided that you create a strategic plan. When you haven't achieved your target in that timeframe, take care to look at why. Usually, simple goals are extremely efficient to realize. When it regards somelong-term targets, I also have made up my mind. Follow Up Now you have a particular goal and action program, I would encourage you to begin on the procedure. Facts, Fiction and Short Term Goals Essay Samples If you get a different mindset than the remainder of the folks in your industry then you're probably likely to be considering becoming an influencer and being one of those who set the trends in your sector. A business isn't something which could grow alone, as every entrepreneur should stay dedicated and committed to seeing their business prosper in the business. My columbia business necessitates setting.

The Effects Of Stress And Stress On College Students

Stress is a word that many college students hear on a daily basis; it is a concept that resonates with all students, regardless of age or major. People of all ages experience stress at various times in their lives, but college is a particular time when an individual can be plagued by heightened levels of it. At any given time, a college student might feel academic, financial, and social strains, yet they might not possess the resources to satisfy the demands of these stressors. Accumulation of these stressors (and stress in general) can have a negative impact on the lives of college students, but authors of a recent scientific study made an attempt to find the best techniques for reducing stress in college students. In their research-based article â€Å"An Examination of Stress in College Students Over the Course of a Semester,† Dr. Timothy Baghurst and Dr. Betty Kelley joined together to explore the topics of stress and stress reduction in relation to college students. Accord ing to the authors, stress is inevitably encountered by college students (cite article); they felt this study would benefit college students by potentially discovering some of the most effective stress reduction techniques. Generally speaking, the purpose of the study was to determine if various stress reduction interventions, including stress management, physical activity, and cardiovascular fitness methods, could modify stress levels experienced by female and male college students over the course of aShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Stress On College Students1498 Words   |  6 Pagesthem do. A problem faced by many college students in society is an overwhelming amount of unnecessary stress being placed on their shoulders. There are a variety of factors that can contribute to their high stress levels. Solving some sources of stress and helping students to cope with the immeasurable stress would help them to live happier, healthier lives. There are several ways the stress level of colle ge students could be lowered, such as training programs, stress management classes, incoming freshmanRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On College Students991 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction of the Article Stress is something that everyone has to deal with. However, as unique as each person is, so is their response to stress. This case study, entitled: Exploring the Effect of Stress on Mood, Self-Esteem, and Daily Habits with Psychology Graduate Students, was performed due to the lack of quantitative data on the subject of the effects of stress on college students. The researchers stated their hypothesis in two parts. They are: â€Å"(1) daily habits, self-esteem, and moodRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On College Students968 Words   |  4 PagesStress Depression, anxiety, and anger are all problems that affect only a handful of people; but stress affects over fifty percent of the population. Stress claims many victims daily through different factors like work, school, and/or family. It is often hard for people to cope with stress because they can’t find a solution, or often times, stress can’t be managed and we have to adjust to it. College students go through a lot of stress, causing many problems, and not enough solutions. College studentsRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On College Students2064 Words   |  9 PagesFor many students, college is the best time of their lives. However, these â€Å"golden ages† can be harmed by stress, and also by various disorders that stress evokes: depression, anxiety, substance abuse and eating disorders. The number of students that suffer from stress is increasing every year. Stress not only has an impact on students physical and mental health but also on their academic performance. Students under stress feel hopeless, sad and so depressed that it seriously affects their dailyRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On College Students2748 Words   |  11 Pagesnot alone. Many college students live through their college years at this heightened state of anxiety known as stress. Stress is inevitable and may feel impossible to articulate as stress levels vary between individuals. There are many variables that contribute to the ongoing battle against stress in college stude nts. According to the American Institute of Stress, stress is defined as a â€Å"physical, mental, or emotional strain or tension.† For college students in particular, stress is â€Å"a conditionRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On College Students946 Words   |  4 Pages Many students in college can deal with large amounts of stress in their educational careers. Handling stress poorly is a normal behavior in a multitude of students at college is an overwhelming workload for many; however, stress can be managed in a healthier way than many do handle it. Stress is caused by an onslaught of assignments all at once or multiple tests in the same day. Lack of sleep and drowsiness in class is caused by stress; however, this will just further the stress because the studentRead MoreThe Effects Of Lowering Stress On College Students1658 Words   |  7 Pageshaving any sort of interaction with a pet or animal is the ultimate cure to stress that is caused by work, people, and life. While not every college student is able to have a loving pet in their lives, even a momentary encounter with any animal can lower stress and anxiety levels. Multiple studies have proven that animals are a powerful form of stress relief by not only lowering blood pressure, but also l owering a dangerous stress hormone, cortisol, which is correlated with depression and anxiety. InteractionsRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Stress In College Students901 Words   |  4 Pages7 million students enroll in college every year. Whereas about 7,000 students drop out every day. Many students have different problems that make them have to decide whether to stick to education or go a different route in life. There are many causes and effects due to the amount of stress college students go through daily. I know this because Ive been a college student for about 3 months and experience stress almost every day. Three main causes why college students experience stress is becauseRead MoreCauses and Effects of Stress in the Life of a College Student1667 Words   |  7 PagesCauses and Effects of Stress in the Life of a College Student If one were to ask an adult about their college experience it is likely than the majority will say it was the best time of their life. They had fun, enjoyed the full college experience, etc. If you ask students currently in college to describe their experience, it may still be the best time of their life but it will likely also be described as stressful and filled with a variety of pressures. The average college student will likely changeRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress Among College Students Essay855 Words   |  4 PagesOver the years many studies have been conducted to determine what creates stress and how college students can cope with stress. Stressors in a student’s life can be created through personal, educational and social experiences. A student faces many experiences while transitioning from high school, to college, and into adulthood. These experiences include: living arrangements, personal finances, important career decisions, experiences of failure, interpersonal relationships, and personal finances

Strengths and Weaknesses free essay sample

Throughout my life, my strengths and weaknesses have become more clearer as I have become older. Although we all describe our strengths as positive attributes, and our weaknesses as negative attributes, they are what makes us who we are as individuals. My strengths are important to consider in my overall personality and the way I relate to people. An important strength in my character is my ability to communicate. I find it easy for me to communicate well with others, as I am an outgoing person and I have the ability to listen as well as respond. For example, my communication helps me in relation to the access course and a health profession environment, by being able to interact effectively with everyone. It helps me to resolve difficult situations, improve my ability to share information, build a rapport with staff, patients, outside organisations, tutors and students. I am also able to take part in group discussions, give presentations, do group assignments, listen to others points of view and to find out a persons beliefs, concerns and values. We believe in meritocracy vis-a-vis hierarchy. Our H. R. Policy commences with hiring individuals with the right expertise, work skills and experience. We place a lot of emphasis on training and development of our employees which enables them to upgrade their skills to meet the challenging requirements of the Hospitality Industry.Board of Directors The Board of Directors is supported by a team of professionals staffing key managerial positions at our Hotel units. Each Hotel unit is headed by a General Manager supported by respective heads of various departments viz. Housekeeping, F B, Human Resources, maintenance Engineering, Marketing, Front Office, Accounts Administration. Sales Reservation Network The primary focus of our marketing strategy is to target business executives at middle and senior level of Management, domestic and foreign.A Corporate Sales Team stationed at Mumbai manages the Sales Marketing activities for all Hotels being operated by the Pride Group. Our Sales Reservation Network is spread over various metros including at our Hotel Units at Pune, Nagpur,  Ahmedabad, Chennai and  Bangalore, besides Delhi and Hyderabad. We have tie-ups with M/s. World Hotels for our Chennai Hotel, as a part of the effort to attract foreign clients. Hotel reservations are also made through electronic reservations by way of web-based software which offers a real time online booking facility.Marketing departments at our Hotels have dedicated sales teams for selling of banquets and conferences and catering for wedding and other receptions. | Career | It is a matter of pride to be at The Pride. We are an organization where people are nurtured through unremitting learning and are given every opportunity to whet their skills, and are respected, heard and encouraged to do their best. At The Pride Group of Hotels, our success can be summed up in just one word: PEOPLE, as we strongly believe that: â€Å"Good Service is about systems, Excellent Service is about People†If you are ready to augment your professional career and explore a world of opportunity with The Pride Group, then you are at the right place. | SWOT Analysis of Hotel Industry – Strengths and Weaknesses When it comes to tourism, the  hotel  industry is very important. In fact, it is a supporting service that affects the presence of tourists in a certain place. How else can tourists stay in a place if there are no hotels? The SWOT analysis is vital to determine if the industry is helping in the achievement of  tourism  goals. By identifying the weaknesses, the hotels can better address potential problems in the future.SWOT stands for strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat. The analysis can vary from one place to another and so you can’t just copy the SWOT analysis of other places. For now, you can focus on the hotel industry of India. The strengths of the industry include having several quality hotels in the country that are able to meet the demands of tourists. You can also find international players in the industry and here’s good news for you – the manpower costs are the lowest. The country has many tourist destinations that offer potential growth for hotel owners.The industry also has weaknesses and this includes the following – land is expensive in India and most hotels are staffed heavily! The tax structure in the country is also higher as compared to other countries and the hotel rooms in the country are far lesser as well. The services offered by hotels are limited and will not meet with the world standards. Opportunities and Threats The opportunities are also promising in this country. You see, the demand for tourists is also easily managed. The peak season in the country is from September to March. Over the long term, the hotel industry has growth potential.When it comes to diverse topography, India is one of the best. The heritage hotels are great and can provide tourists with a unique experience. If there are opportunities, you can also find threats. Most of the hotels in India are now being replaced by guest hotels. The trend for guest hotels is increasing and so the hotel industry can be greatly affected. Tourists also have second thoughts about visiting India because of the political turbulence there. The manpower is not trained well and so the industry is easily affected by the country’s economic conditions.Through the SWOT analysis, the hotel industry in India can better meet the needs of tourists. The SWOT analysis can be applied in different industries and for hotels, this is also necessary. Before you start a hotel business in your area, be sure to conduct this analysis before entering the market. Strengths India’s rich culture heritage:  With a historical backdrop of 5,000 years, India is one big package of culture and legend that never fails to captivate the imagination of the visitor. Along with endless natural splendors like the mighty Himalayas, the vast Indo Gangetic Plains, lush tropical jungles and a long coastline.A visit to the country is a changing spectacle of religions, customs, festivals, sights and sounds. Demand–supply gap:  Indian hotel industry is currently facing a mismatch between the demand and supply of rooms leading to higher room rates and occupancy levels. With 95,000 odd rooms in the country, the size of the hotel industry represents an abysmal figure for Indias size and growth prospects. Though new capacities are expected to come in the next five years demand will outpace supply in the short to medium term.In fact, the industry did not find a place in the government’s fund allocation. Things have, however, witnessed a change. The government seems to have realized the importance of tourism and is willing to spend towards the development of the industry. The ‘Incredible India’ campaign is a product of this realization. The focus on infrastructure, modernisation of airports, open sky policy, development of new tourist destinations and circuits, more fund allocation towards tourism are some of the initiatives taken by the government to promote tourism.The Indian hotel industry stands to gain from this proactiveness shown by the government. Weaknesses Poor support infrastructure:  India is currently spending a miniscule amount compared with its needs, on infrastructure. China is spending seven times as much as India on infrastructure (excluding real estate) in absolute terms. In 2003, total capital spending on electricity, roads, airports, seaports and telecom was US$150 bn in China (10. 6% of GDP) compared with US$21 bn in India (3. 5% of GDP). However, over the past 2-3 years, the government has realized the importance of infrastructure and has focused on improving it.Opportunities Rising Income:  While there has been much talk about record number of foreign tourist arrivals, very little has actually been said or done about domestic tourism, which, according to our estimates, has registered a 40% annual growth in the last three years and is currently estimated at 300 m travelers. Per capita income grew by an impressive 7. 1% in 2005, while Gross Domestic Savings touched an all time high of 28%. Significantly, the present-day consumption boom in India has been influenced more by higher disposable income rather than lower savings. This is good news, as income induced spending is likely to sustain itself for a longer period. Higher disposable incomes are also expected to enhance the concept of traveling for leisure. Also, there has been an overall transformation in consumption pattern in the last five years. The increase in number of young people, their rising aspiration levels, and an increase in their spending power has led to a change in the consumption pattern. There is a marked shift from spending on traditional categories like food and grocery, clothing and jewelry, to lifestyle categories such as leisure, and aspirational products and services.Open sky benefits:  The opening up of the aviation industry in India brings exciting opportunities for the hotel industry (airlines transport around 80% of international tourists). Increased airline activity has stimulated demand and has helped to improve Indias troubled infrastructure. Increased competition among airline companies will further lead to the development of new and improved services. Also the open skies policy has benefited both international and domestic travel.New business opportunities:  We believe that, over the next three to five years, the biggest surge in accommodation demand is expected to come from commercial zones that are being developed in metro suburbs and secondary markets. Mixed-use development projects that include retail and commercial space have also gained momentum in the last 24 months and will continue to be an attractive option. This provides a unique opportunity for hospitality projects. Also the new concept, which is going to gain importance is that of budget hotels (started by Indian Hotels – Ginger, the erstwhile Indione).Due to their inherent nature of operation, associated costs and flexibility, budget hotels will be better suited to withstand the next economic downturn as and when it takes place. Threats Event risk:  Dependency on foreign tourism can be a double-edged sword as travel decisions are based on global patterns and events that happen elsewhere can have serious impact the performance. Events like 9/11, SARS outbreak and Afghanistan and Iraq wars have severely impacted the tourism industry in the past and the threat remains.Increasing competition:  Global hospitality majors like the Four Seasons, Shangri-La and Aman Resorts are all making their entry into the Indian market. They are not the only ones who are turning their attention to India. The Hilton Group is deciding on a comeback and has tied up with the Oberoi Group. Two other groups the Carlson Group and the Marriott chain are furiously hunting for new hotels in Indias top cities. This will increase the competition for the existing Indian hotel majors. Conclusion The outlook for the hospitality market in India is optimistic and will continue to remain so, in our opinion.The economy’s buoyancy, initiatives to improve infrastructure, growth in the aviation and real estate sectors and easing of restrictions on foreign investment will fuel demand for hotels across star categories in the majority of markets. India’s hotel industry is increasingly being viewed as investment-worthy, both within the country and outside, and several international chains are keen to establish or enhance their presence here. We anticipate that, over the next three to five years, India will emerge as one of the world’s fastest growing tourism markets and will be hard to ignore.

Loss Of Faith In free essay sample

# 8220 ; Night # 8221 ; Essay, Research Paper Night is a dramatic book that tells the horror and immorality of the concentration cantonments that many were imprisoned in during World War II. Throughout the book the writer Elie Wiesel, every bit good as many captives, lost their religion in God. There are many illustrations in the beginning of Night where people are seeking to maintain and beef up their religion but there are many more illustrations of people arising against God and burying their faith. The first illustration of Elie fring his religion is when he arrived at Auschwitz. Elie and his male parent are directed to travel to the left. A captive so informs them that they are on their manner to the crematorium. Elie? s male parent recites the Kaddish or supplication for the dead. Rebellion rises up inside of Elie and he inquiries God. Why should I bless His name? The Eternal, Godhead of the Universe, the Almighty and Awful, was soundless. We will write a custom essay sample on Loss Of Faith In or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What had I to thank Him for? ( Wiesel 31 ) Another illustration of captives in the concentration cantonment fring their religion in Night is when the pipel, a immature kid, was hung in forepart of the whole cantonment. The pipel was the Oberkapo? s retainer. The Oberkapo was the leader of the fifty-second unit. He neer struck or insulted the captives who worked under him, that is why the captives loved him. Even though most pipels were barbarous and hated, this one had the face of a sad angel and was loved by all. The Oberkapo was suspected in the knowing detonation of Buna? s electric power station. He was transferred to Auschwitz but the pipel was left buttocks. The pipel refused to speak. Two other work forces were besides accused. The pipel and the two other work forces were hung. The two grownups died immediately but the pipel was excessively light and stayed alive for a half an hr. He was still alive when I passed in forepart of him. His lingua was still ruddy, his eyes were non yet glazed. Behind me I heard the same adult male ask where is God now? And I heard a voice within me answer him: Where is He? Here He is-He is hanging here on this gallows? ( Wiesel 62 ) Another clip Elie inquiries God and his religion is around Rosh Hashana, the new twelvemonth. All the Jews gathered together to state supplications to God. He inquiries God for leting all these awful things to go on to them when they live their lives for Him. What are You, my God, I thought angrily, compared to this afflicted crowd, proclaiming to you their religions, their choler, their rebellion? What does Your illustriousness mean, Lord of the existence, in the face of all this failing, this decomposition, and this decay? Why do You still problem their ill heads, their crippled organic structures? ? Why, but why should I bless Him? In every fibre I rebelled. Because He had had 1000s of kids burned in His cavities? Because He kept six crematoriums working dark and twenty-four hours, on Sundays and feast yearss? Because in His great might He had created Auschwitz, Birkenau, Buna and so many mills of decease? How could I say to him Blessed art Thou, Eternal, Master of the Universe, Who chose us among the races to be tortured twenty-four hours and dark, to see our male parents, our female parents, our brothers, terminal in the crematorium? Praised be Thy Holy Name, Thou Who hast take us to be butchered on Thine communion table? ( Wiesel 63 # 8211 ; 64 ) Many captives lost their religion during # 8220 ; choice # 8221 ; . During choice the weak captives, the 1s who were unable to work, were chosen to travel to the crematorium. A boy Elie knew, Akiba Drumer, lost all of his religion. Without God he had no ground to travel on life or a ground to digest all the hurting and enduring his faith was doing him. He offered to be sent to the crematorium. Recently he had wandered among us, his eyes glazed, stating everyone of his failing: I can? t travel on? It? s all over? he had no strength left, nor religion ( Wiesel 72-73 ) One other individual Elie knew lost his religion during the choices. He was a Polish rabbi. He used to bee highly spiritual, declaiming the Talmud from memory. Than one twenty-four hours he changed. He said to Elie # 8220 ; It? s the terminal. God is no longer with us. # 8221 ; Night is a powerful book. When reading it you can follow the character? s religion to the exact point where it is lost. You can besides state by reading Night that some people can travel on believing in their faith under horrific fortunes and that some people will give up their religion at the first trial of trueness.

Domestic Violence the Character “Ricky” In the film American Beauty Essay Example

Domestic Violence the Character â€Å"Ricky† In the film American Beauty Essay Example Domestic Violence the Character â€Å"Ricky† In the film American Beauty Essay Domestic Violence the Character â€Å"Ricky† In the film American Beauty Essay Essay Topic: American Beauty Domestic Violence the Character â€Å"Ricky† In the film American Beauty Name: Course: Instructor: Institution: Date: Domestic Violence the Character â€Å"Ricky† In the film American Beauty The movie American Beauty is about a husband and wife who initially have a perfect marriage and life together. The movie is based on family values, structures and people within such setting react to issues either through violence, conversations or ignorance on the existence of such issues. In essence, the movie is embedded in violence within the family structures and the perversion of morals within society. The movie begins with the presence of a couple, Lester Burnham (Kevin Spacey), a middle-aged magazine writer who loathes his job description and his wife Carolyn (Annette Bening) who has an initially happy marriage and family. The two are blessed with daughter by the name Jane (Thora Birch) who is sixteen years old. Their daughter Jane is, experiencing a low self-esteem and hates her parents in addition, Mr. and Mrs. Burnham are leading separate lives oblivious of the suffering of their daughter and her call for attention from her self-absorbed parents who concentrate on their personal and martial problems. In addition, their new neighbors also have their family problems. The family is made up of a retied United States Marine Corps Colonel who could be easily described as a control obsessive man. He is married to a woman who is directly the opposite as she is an introvert and most of the time keeps to herself even it difficult circumstances. They are blessed with a son who due to constant abuse from his father could be easily described as reserved and weird. From the constant harassment and disciplinarian lifestyles which his father has subjected his family to, he eventually becomes a marijuana seller and smoker in efforts to drown his agony he drives from the presence of his father. Lester eventually becomes infatuated with his daughter’s friend Angela Hayes (Mena Suvari), who is a cheerleader. He describes her as extremely attractive after he sees her performing at their high school halftime dances in a basketball game. In addition, his wife begins having an affair with his business opponent, Buddy Keane (Peter Gallagher). This strains their relationship further as both become distant and infatuated with their newfound love obsessions. Lester opts to quit employment eventually blackmailing his boss for $60,000 before an imminent layoff, which he was a victim. With the money, he purchases his dream car and begins bodybuilding after he overhears Angel and Jane talking Angel’s preference of attractive physiques. Eventually Lester discovers his wife’s affair with a business rival but reacts calmly and fails to confront her. This affirms their growing distance from each other, physically and emotionally. After discovering the affair, Buddy ends the affair with Carolyn on claims that he is facing an expensive divorce, leaving Carolyn distraught. She opts to carry a loaded gun and heads home to do the unthinkable. In the meanwhile, Frank the retired marine, becomes suspicious of Lester and his son Ricky’s friendship after he discovers footage belonging to Ricky with Lester lifting some weights while nude. During the same night, Frank witnesses Ricky and Lester in conversation in the garage and concludes that the pair is sexually involved. He opts to punish his son Ricky by beating him thoroughly accusing him of being gay. In order to stop the beating, Ricky opts to admit the false accusations and provokes his father to kick him out of their home. Ricky pressures Jane to flee with him to New York while he tells Angela she is vain and just ordinary like everyone else. Frank, on the other hand, goes over to Lester’s house to confront him and in the event attempts to kiss him, but Lester rebuffs and pushes him. Lester, while in the house, finds Angel crying and she attempts to seduce him. However, she manages to disclose the she is still a virgin and that the claimed sexual exploits were false. They form a bond such that he decides to stop his advances towards her and decides to look at a family photo album in the kitchen while Angela took a shower. Later there is a gunshot and blood splatter on the wall. The scene changes to Carolyn in the bedroom crying and Frank returning to his house covered in blood and one of his guns missing for his favorite gun collection. In the closing remarks and scene, Lester claims that he has discovered the presence of adequate beauty in the world. In essence, Frank engages in physical abuse against his son, Ricky making him an unsociable individual who is self reserved. His abuse is aimed at enhancing control over his family and more so, on his son Ricky who has resorted to drug use for comfort. In addition, Ricky’s mother is self-reserved making the audience suspicious that she is also a victim of abuse from the retired Marine who seems to be on a verge of post-war depression. The relationship between Ricky and his father could be described as tense as Ricky fears stepping out into the world due to the humiliation that he faces from his father. His father exercises and subjects the family to an overly authoritative and military style of rule within the household. This leaves the family with a low self-esteem such that they are unable to venture out into the world and make friends with their neighbors. The impact of the demeaning act of Frank on his son Ricky is evident throughout the program. His son becomes unsociable, as he is unable to relate with other individuals because he considers himself unworthy to mingle with his peers. The results of such harassment within family settings are reduced self-esteem as he is unable to view himself as worthy. In addition, Ricky turns to drug use and the sale of the same with an aim of shutting out any emotions he has for his father an effort to comfort himself. In addition, due to the emotional and physical trauma that Ricky suffers at the hands of his over controlling father, such that he develops a habit of recording all he sees around him in an effort to forget what happens and to engage in something helpful and creative. In addition, this could a form of communication by the character with an aim of communicating the various issues he witnesses around him. In addition, Frank also instigates sexual abuse or harassment in lighter words against Lester when he approaches him in his house and tries to kiss him. Sexual abuse is defined as forced or coerced sexual act or behavior with an aim of gaining power and control over an individual. Sexual harassment reduces the ability of people to engage in healthy relationships, as evidenced by Frank’s inability to relate with his son and family and specifically with his new neighbors. Various appropriate theories could be applied to give explanations as to the reasons for the violent nature if individuals within society and specifically within the movie. Resource theory could be applied within this text in order to explain for the reasons behind the constant abuse that Ricky faces form his father. His father is the only source of support for the family who are in a new neighborhood. The decision to move into a new neighborhood could have been highly influenced by the control that Frank Fitts has over his family. In addition, Ricky’s mother does not possess a source of income such as a business or a job. She opts to conform to all decisions that Frank makes without question in order to please the man who provides for her and her son (.CSAP’s Prevention Pathways: Online Courses, 2012). Hence, Frank‘s continued, violent behavior could be attributed to the economic control he has over his family. In addition, his violence is also an approach used to cement his authority within the relationship for the two. Furthermore, as he has increased power and control over his family, he adds on his control by intimidating his wife and son into doing whatever he wants. In addition, his violent nature could have also been fueled by his social status as a military man who considers and exercises a high degree of discipline. This enables him to exercise his ‘authority’ by intimidating his son and beating him up over his perceived sexual orientation, which is however false and unfounded. This is a clear illustration that Frank has underlying issues for his violent and over controlling nature (Gay Men’s Domestic Violence Project, 2010). Multidimensional theories are also applicable in explanations for the violent behavior exhibited by Frank Fitts in his family. In addition, Franks’ violent behavior against those in his family even thought there is insufficient evidence to state that Ricky’s mother is abused by Frank in any way. It could be presumed that she faces the same treatment from her husband in his efforts to demean them and maintain control and power over them. Multidimensional theories focus on issues such as race, social classes, gender, individuals and their relations, drug use, and individual personality. From the movie, it is evident that Frank exhibits charter traits, which are violent. This could be attributed to numerous issues such as experiences in a family setting whereby he was exposed to harsh treatment and abuse by his guardians or caretakers. This could have played a significant role in the formation of an undesirable violent character trait as he demonstrates in his own house. Ricky, because of exposure to family setting where violence takes precedent, could eventually become violent to his family and those around him. Individuals within violent family settings acquire this trait from their violent parents. It becomes the only means of settling scores and relating with others in society. From the view that he has little value, Ricky instigates emotional abuse against Angela when he confronts her, tells her that she is not special, and is simply ordinary like everyone else, and thus she needs friends like Jane to feel special. This is an indication of the coldness and lack of emotional caution that he does not possess, as he blatantly tells her off considering how highly she regards and considers herself among her peers. In addition, this could also be an indication of the inability to converse in a healthy manner with his peers as he is used to constant harassment from his father. Hence, he lacks any kind words for her, as he has not been taught how to be kind to people and especially to his peers (Continuing Psychology Education, 2005). Intervention of such violent salutations given the outcomes of the violent behavior exhibited by Ricky’s father can be confusing. In addition, Frank assumed that Lester was sexually involved with his son hence it is presumed that he shot Lester because he did not accept is sexual advances. This is an indication that frank does not accept being turned down on his offers. Hence, the means to help Ricky could assume numerous approaches with regard for the law. Lawful intervention via the use of intervention orders seems as the most appropriate means for Ricky to put an end to the violence within their home. This is easily available for a victim of family violence as it is granted from the local Magistrates office. Ricky could seek this form of protection, which might be short terms before the authorities find another means of protection and ending the violence within their family. Such orders could be made Ex parte which means without the presence of the other party instigating the violence. With evidence of previous beatings that he received from his father on claims that he was gay, he could instigate a legal process for seeking an intervention order so long as he is equipped with adequate evidence or proof that the court needs to protect him from his father who is violent and overly controlling. Hence the probabilities of violence against an individual within the family as in the case of Ricky should be high enough for the Magistrate to grant any form of intervention order as either temporary of permanent (Dr.Renata, 2012). It is also evident that Ricky exhibits unsocial behavior because of the constant harassment he receives from his father. Hence, it is paramount to find a remedial action for his unsocial behavior and one that would enable him to have sociable behavior with his peers and those around him. His unsociable behavior could be because of possibly witnessing his mother being abused by his father. In addition, his experiences also add to his hostile behavior towards people who are his peers such as Angela. From such a perspective, Ricky should get counseling on how to vent out anger and to communicate with people on how he feels about the world and his family. In addition as a young man, he has a long future ahead of him, which could be marred with incidences of anger mismanagement. It is also paramount to remove Ricky form his family setting to ensure that he is detached from the constant confrontation he experiences form his father. In addition, to ensure that the chain of confrontation, harassment and beatings that Ricky is exposed to by his father could be cut by ensuring that Frank is arrested fro assault and because on his son and possibly his wife or Ricky’s mother. In conclusion, the effects of violence against children within a family setting could be deterred by ensuring that individuals in such circumstances are availed with avenues for giving information with regard to their experiences of violence instigated by their guardians or individuals within their families such as Ricky experiencing beatings from his father. References Continuing Psychology Education. (2005). â€Å"Domestic Violence†7 Continuing Education Hours. CSAP’s Prevention Pathways: Online Courses. (2012). Alcohol Abuse and Violence against Women. Retrieved from http://pathwayscourses.samhsa.gov/vawp/vawp_8_pg11.htm Dr.Renata, A. (2012). â€Å"Family Violence Intervention Orders (State Law).† The Law Handbook. Retrieved from lawhandbook.org.au/handbook/ch05s04s02.php# Gay Men’s Domestic Violence Project. (2010). Types of Domestic Abuse. Retrieved from http://gmdvp.org/domestic-violence/types-domestic-abuse/

The Appeal of Dystopian Novels for Teens

The Appeal of Dystopian Novels for Teens Teens are devouring the current popular literature of the dark, grim, and dismal: the dystopian novel. Bleak story lines about leaders who  terrorize citizens every year by making them watch teens fight to the death and governments who condone mandatory operations to remove emotion describe two of the popular dystopian novels that teens are reading.  But just what is  a dystopian novel and how long has it been around? And theres the bigger question: why is this type of novel so appealing to teens? Definition A dystopia is a  society that is broken down, unpleasant, or in an oppressed or terrorized state. Unlike a utopia, a perfect world, dystopias are grim, dark, and hopeless. They reveal society’s greatest fears. Totalitarian governments  rule and the needs and wants of individuals become subordinate to the state. In most dystopian novels,  a tyrannical government is trying to suppress and control its citizens by taking away their individuality, as in the classics 1984 and Brave New World.  Dystopian governments also ban activities that encourage individual thinking. The governments response to individual thinking in Ray Bradbury’s classic Fahrenheit 451? Burn the books! History Dystopian novels are not new to the reading public. Since the late 1890s, H.G. Wells, Ray Bradbury, and George Orwell have entertained audiences with their classics about Martians, book burnings, and Big Brother. Over the years, other dystopian books like Nancy Farmer’s The House of the Scorpion and Lois Lowry’s  Newbery-winning book The Giver have given younger characters a more central role in dystopian settings. Since 2000, dystopian novels for teens have retained the dismal, dark setting, but the nature of the characters has changed.  Characters are no longer passive and powerless citizens, but teens who are empowered, fearless, strong, and determined to find a way to survive and face their fears. Major characters have influential personalities that oppressive governments attempt to control but cannot. A recent example of this type of teen dystopian novel is the incredibly popular Hunger Games  series (Scholastic, 2008) where the central character is a sixteen-year-old girl named Katniss who is willing to take her sister’s place in the annual game where teens from 12 different districts must fight to the death.  Katniss commits a deliberate act of rebellion against the Capital that keeps readers on the edge of their seats. In the dystopian novel Delirium  (Simon and Schuster, 2011), the government teaches citizens that love is a dangerous disease that must be eradicated. By age 18, everyone  must undergo a mandatory operation to remove the ability to feel  love. Lena, who is looking forward to the operation and fears love, meets a boy and together they flee the government and find the truth. In yet another favorite dystopian novel called Divergent (Katherine Tegen Books, 2011), teens must unite themselves with factions based on virtues, but when the main character is told she’s divergent, she becomes a threat to the government and must keep secrets in order to protect her loved ones from harm. Teen Appeal So what do teens find so appealing about dystopian novels? Teens in dystopian novels get to perform ultimate acts of rebellion against authority, and that’s appealing. Conquering a dismal future is empowering, especially when  the teens have to rely on themselves without having to answer to parents, teachers, or other authoritarian figures. Teen readers can certainly relate to those feelings. Today’s teen dystopian novels contain teen characters who exhibit strength, courage, and conviction. Although death, war, and violence exist, a more positive and hopeful message about the future is being sent by teens who are facing future fears and conquering them.

The importance of jazz in American culture Essay

The importance of jazz in American culture - Essay Example The origins of jazz may lie in the blues rhythms that developed in the period immediately following the American Civil War and the emancipation of slaves. The distinctive element of the blues is that through the performance of a solo artist, an attempt is made to translate emotions into music through humming, moaning, and soundless effects added to the actual words of the song (Halim, No Date). Jazz developed from the blues, but it differed from the blues in that it had a more cheerful, uplifting note within it. In the words of Stanley Crouch, jazz historian and critic, the love for the music felt by both white and black communities helped to make jazz â€Å"a futuristic social force in which one was finally judged purely on the basis of ones individual ability. Jazz predicted the civil rights movement more than any other art in America." (Hentoff, 2009). It was in essence a tool to reach out to people everywhere, irrespective of their color and therefore a tool that could function as a means to break down segregation and lead to the development of a non-segregated society. Lewine (1992) has described how jazz slowly became synonymous with popular culture. America emerged into the 20th century as a society where culture was necessarily associated with the high brow, more genteel sections of society. But jazz entered this cultural arena as a vital new element that was so distinctive that it appeared to be â€Å"the new product of a new age†, while culture appeared to be traditional, having developed over the centuries (Lewine, 1992:7). Yet, culture and jazz appeared to define each other, because the emergence of this new form of music which was (a) spontaneous (b) raucous and (c) participatory in that the audiences joined in vigorously, and its enormous popularity redefined the entire element of what constituted culture.

Domestic Policy Issue - Immigration Research Paper

Domestic Policy Issue - Immigration - Research Paper Example Immigrant workers take up some jobs that Americans workers would have taken, since they are ready to work for cheaper wages. At the same time, illegal immigrants get healthcare services, welfare as well as money, obtained from American taxpayers. Immigrants suck up the limited resources of U.S. and the taxpayers’ money. Because they gain benefits such as welfare, education and healthcare, yet they do not pay taxes hence to do not help in solving American problems. One reason why immigrants remain a big concern to Americans is because many companies continue to employ them, and their numbers continue to increase. With hard economic situation facing America, and the high number of unemployment, losing more jobs to immigrants compounds the issue further. Despite the various laws enacted to address this issue, these laws have not been very successful as the numbers suggest. In deed it is estimated that up to 18 million illegal immigrants stay currently reside in America (Morrison, 2010). What complicate the issue most is the many humanitarian as well as economical issues. Since September 11, it became clear that immigrants could lead to security threat to American, since some of these immigrants were out to commit crimes. Thus need to address the issue by the government. What solutions have been proposed by the president, Congress, interest groups etc. Many people feel that there is need to come up with measures and laws to restrict immigrants from entering America, and that the borders should strictly be guarded. Those illegal immigrants caught should be handed heavy punishment to discourage others from doing the same. As suggested by WERE, the government should as well carry out regular checks within corporations in relation to hiring illegal workers and those companies found to engage immigrants in their labor force ought also to be punished through fines. The government should as well increase its border patrol particularly along the Mexican border becau se thousands of immigrants cross to America using this border. As observed by Morrison (2010) people can simply walk to America through Mexican border unnoticed, and even if they are caught they simply return the next day. President’s solutions President Obama hold the view that the current immigration system is broken and can only be rectified by tackling real issues and avoiding politics as true solutions are to protect American borders are sought. Thus, Obama proposes that immigration policy need to be directed by the best judgment of Americans in regard to its economy and the welfare of the American workers. Thus, he understand that there is need for a well organized, orderly border as well as an immigration structure that is formulated to address the economic needs that are crucial cornerstones of a vibrant economy. Accordingly, President Obama proposed the following four key aspects: Strengthening border control: to tackle immigration Obama has a view that the integrity of American borders is very important. Thus, there is need to improve the infrastructure, technology and increasing the personnel manning the borders and ports of entry to America (The Whitehouse, 2011). Enhancing immigration system: according to president Obama the immigration

I.T. Project - Converting a Card Index System to a Database Essay Example for Free

I.T. Project Converting a Card Index System to a Database Essay The present system is based on the manual card index system so most of the work is done by hand, however due to the ever increasing growth of technology, and the internet, a wide range of resources are now being made easily accessible. British Airways has recently introduced booking online, where customers can book a flight and accommodation all over the Internet. Being such a big company as British Airways, most of their bookings are made through travel agents who book the flights and pass the information on to them. Question 1 Could you describe the current system being used by Question 2 How are these cards stored? Question3 What problems do you encounter at the moment? Software Available MICROSOFT OFFICE 2000 WORD PROCESSOR MICROSOFT WORD 2000 A word processing package is a program or set of programs used to edit, format, store and print documents. Word processors have many important unique features: * Spelling and Grammar Checker Misspelt words, or grammatical errors can be identified and corrected by the words in the computers dictionary. Correct words, identified by the spell check as wrong can be added to the dictionary. * Automatic creation of index and table of contents Any word in the text can be marked for inclusion in an index. Headings and subheadings in a given style can be included automatically in a table of contents, which can be updated at any time. * Import Files Tables, photographs, graphics, video and sound files can be imported from other sources and inserted in a document. * Mail merge A document and a list of names and addresses can be merged to produce personalised letters. * Creation of templates with preset text styles. Margins, formatting, letterheading etc. * WYSIWYG This stands for What You See Is What you Get, and refers to the ability to display on the screen. And enables the user to see their work on the screen exactly as it will be printed. SPREADSHEET MICROSOFT EXCEL 2000 Spreadsheet packages allow a user to create worksheets (spreadsheets) representing data in column and row form. Spreadsheets are used for any application that uses numerical data, such as budgets, cash flow forecasts, profit and loss statements, student marks or results of experiment. Spreadsheet features: * Format cells, rows and columns, specifying for example, the alignment of text, number of decimal points, height and width of cells. * Copy cell contents to other locations, with automatic adjustment of formulae from an area to another location. * Determine the effect of several different hypothetical changes of data; this facility is called what-if calculation. * Insert, move or delete rows and columns. * Use functions such as sum, average, max, min in formulae * Create a simple database and sort or query the data to produce a report of, say for example, all males gaining over a C grade, for a list of students. * Write macros to automate common procedures * Create templates Spreadsheets with formats and formulae already entered, into which new figures may be inserted. * Create multi dimensional spreadsheets using several sheets, and copy data from one sheet to another * Create many different types of chart and graphs DATABASE MICROSOFT ACCESS 2000 A database is a collection of data. It may be something as simple as a list of names and addresses or details of the CDs in your personal collection, or it may contain details of all the customers, products, orders and payments in a large organisation. When made reference to, the word database is assumed to be data held on a computer, but manual databases also exist. Some smaller business (a garage) may hold a card index file with details about a customer and their car. The main difference between a manual and computerised databases is the speed at which data can be accessed. PRESENTATION GRAPHICS MICROSOFT POWERPOINT 2000 Presentation graphics software such as PowerPoint is useful for putting together a presentation which can be delivered using a computer attached to a projection device, using transparencies and an ordinary overhead projector or as a self-running presentation in, say a shopping centre or cinema. The software allows the user to quickly create slides combining text, graphics and pictures and to create animation or sound effects and transition effects between slides. OPERATING SYSTEM MICROSOFT WINDOWS 98 Hardware Available These are the specifications of the PC I am using at Home: OPERATING SYSTEM WINDOWS(r) 98 PLUS! CPU INTEL(r) CELERONTM / 333MHZ RAM 64MB FOR WINDOWS(r) 98 SCREEN DISPLAY 800 BY 600 PIXELS TRUE COLOUR (32 BIT) CD-ROM SPEED 32-SPEED AVAILABLE SPACE ON HARD DRIVE 2.4GB AUDIO 16-BIT SOUND CARD OTHER LOUDSPEAKERS These are the system specifications for the systems at school: OPERATING SYSTEM WINDOWS(r) 98 CPU 433MHZ RAM 32MB FOR WINDOWS(r) 98 SCREEN DISPLAY 640 BY 480 PIXELS 256 COLOURS CD-ROM SPEED 24 SPEED AVAILABLE SPACE ON HARD DRIVE 10MB AUDIO 8-BIT SOUND CARD PRINTER HP LASERJET All systems should have Microsoft Office 97/2000. All systems must have Microsoft Excel 97/2000. End Users IT Literacy The end user of my system will already have basic IT skills and will have already had experience with the Microsoft Office Package. As they are working for a big trans-national company, they would have already undergone training in the secretarial sector, of which IT skills are a key part. To even have the job, they would have to be able to type quickly, answer calls and transmit data efficiently. Therefore, training costs will be kept to a minimum. Final Choice Having looked at the current system and the software and hardware available, I have decided to use Microsoft Excel, a spreadsheet program to design my booking system. Spreadsheet packages allow a user to create worksheets (spreadsheets) representing data in column and row form. Spreadsheets are used for any application that uses numerical data, such as budgets, cash flow forecasts, profit and loss statements, student marks or results of experiments. Spreadsheets offer a wide range of facilities making the task easier to perform. SKILLS: Current/To be acquired I have a good understanding of the Microsoft Excel package. I have done quite a few calculations and performed basic macros. Having looked through the coursework of former students, and reading through the coursework guide, I realise that I need to improve my knowledge of Excel. Excel is a powerful package and can carry out many tasks easily if instructed correctly. I have already started to go through sample projects showing me how to go about certain tasks with a book titled Successful I.T. Projects in Excel, written by P.M Heathcote. End User Requirements Provide detailed reports showing customer booking for every working day. Produce summary reports for flight bookings in order of popularity. Allow data entry for new customers. Provide easy access for amendments to customer details and flight details. Automatic backup for all centralised records daily and weekly. Provide an exception report for outstanding customer debts or extreme bank credit limits. The system should record financial details concerning money in/outstanding. Allow queries on the current flight availability. Quantitative Criteria Printed tickets are to be generated within 15 minutes. Accessing and amending customer/Fight/Airport details should be instantaneous. Queries are processed promptly on customer request. Backup should occur automatically every 24 hours. Flight details processed every Friday (1 hour max) Exception reports are produced quickly on demand within a minute. Qualitative Criteria The system should provide a workable Human Computer Interface system according to different users, i.e. simple menu selections or buttons The company logo is consistent on all forms and reports. Amount of available screen data is kept to a minimum (increase usability) Help systems are easily accessible.

Suffering and The Book of Job Essay example -- Holy Bible Book Job Ess

Suffering and The Book of Job      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concepts of suffering addressed in "The Book of Job" have no relevance to the ideas of suffering expressed in eastern religions such as Buddhism and Jainism. In fact, for Buddhists, the cause of suffering was discovered some 2,500 years ago by a prince from India named Sidhartha Gautama. This man, who was known as the Buddha, taught that suffering was caused by the craving for material things; ergo, cessation from suffering could be attained by detaching oneself from the things of this world (Ianuale). Had Job been exposed to these strictly eastern concepts of suffering, his outlook on his vicissitudes would have been quite different indeed.    "The Book of Job" is an epic tale of pious pessimism from the Old Testament of the Bible about a righteous, God-fearing man named Job. Job has been blessed with many children, and great material wealth. But all of that soon comes to an end as Satan and God begin their debate on whether or not Job would keep his piety in the face of adversity.    Satan is allowed, by God, to test Job, once by taking away his family and wealth, and a second time, by afflicting him with sickness and sores. In the first test, Job holds fast to his conviction and never blames God for his misfortunes. The second test, however, proves to be more challenging, and Job curses the day he was born.    In the next section of the story, three of Job's friends come to visit him upon hearing of his misfortunes. Each one of them tries, in separate speeches, to offer Job an explanation as to why such tragedy has befallen him. They insist that Job must have done something to deserve his adversity, saying that all men are, in some way,... ...of Major World Religions" Oral Lecture,     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5 December 2000. Middlesex County College. Edison, NJ. "Job." Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum. 7th ed. Ed.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Laurence Behrens, Leonard J. Rosen. New York: Addison     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wesley Longman, 2000:407-433. Kutz, Ilan. "Job and His 'Doctors'; Bedside Wisdom in The Book   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of  Ã‚   Job." BMJ 321. December 23-30, 2000; 1613-1615. PA     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   RESEARCH II. ProQuest Direct. Middlesex County College     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Library, Edison. 4 February 2001. 2000.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.proquest.umi.com. MacLeish, Archibald. "God Has Need of Man." Writing and     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reading   Across the Curriculum. 7th ed. Ed. Laurence Behrens,     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leonard J. Rosen. New York: Addison Wesley Longman,     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2000; 474-480. Smith, Huston. The World's Religions. San Francisco: Harper, 1958.   

Ancient Mesopotamia and Greek inventions Essay

Our world today wasn’t entirely created from recent achievements. We have collected knowledge from ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia and Greece by studying their history and improving their accomplishments. These cultures have had a major impact on the daily lives of the people in the modern world. Although Ancient Mesopotamia and Greece were some of the earliest civilized cultures, they differ greatly in their achievements and innovations that played important roles for future humans. As the world’s earliest civilization, Ancient Mesopotamia’s innovations continue to affect the world. It made vital contributions in fields like science, mathematics and astronomy; they even developed a writing system. The early Mesopotamian civilization was known for inventing the first 30-day lunar calendar. Using the phases of the Moon, they counted 12 lunar months as a year. Moreover, Mesopotamians first observed a seven-day week. The invention of the calendar was a rem arkable contribution that later had a major influence on our modern calendar. The Mesopotamians also developed mathematics to a very advanced level and created the sexagesimal system for the calculation of time and angles. This system is still practical, because of the multiply divisibility of the number 60. For example, in modern times we still use 60-minute hours, 24-hour days and the 360-degree circle. The Mesopotamians developed theories to measure the area of solids and shapes, and the circumference of circles. The Mesopotamian’ s achievements laid many of the foundations for modern mathematics. One of the most remarkable contributions was the development of the first historically significant writing system of the Middle East known as cuneiform. They wrote with a stylus on special tablets of soft, wet clay, because it was the perfect surface on which to leave marks. The fact that people started to use soft clay not only for bricks and jars, but also for the writing, implied their intellect and potential future progress. Cuneiform was not a language ; however, it was the most widespread writing system in the ancient Middle East, which helped us to learn more about the Mesopotamian history and culture. Another civilization that made numerous influential contributions was Ancient Greece. The Greek civilization was famous for many admirable scholars who were recognized for remarkable achievements in the areas of math and science, medicine and architecture, which gave a rise to further discoveries by following generations. The Greeks were engaged in  mathematical study of logic; they provided one of the first proofs in mathematics and discovered irrational numbers. Even today, people still use the Pythagorean theorem, to understand and measure triangles. Greeks achieved such great progress in mathematics by using deductive reasoning, which also helped in every other discipline. Hippocrates made one of the most prominent achievements that expanded humankind’s understanding of medicine. He was the â€Å"father of medicine†, who determined the natural causes of diseases rather than blaming them on the gods punishments, and then established procedures for medical treatment. Hippocrates’ modern concepts like diet, rest, and a clean environment were be lieved to be beneficial for the human body to heal itself. Also, doctors were responsible for the patient’s well being and privacy in ancient Greece, and they strictly followed a number of professional ethical standards, later called, the Hippocratic oath. The modern version of this oath is still used today; it confides the ideas that the doctor is responsible for his/her actions in case problems arise. The ancient Greeks created the most impressive and highly distinctive architectural styles that influenced the architecture of the past two millennia. Greek architecture developed three distinct orders, the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian; their parts and proportions were ordered and coordinated. The design, arrangement and decoration of the columns were remarkable and unique with a pure aesthetic effect. The style of Greek architecture provided the finest and the most magnificent buildings, with constant symmetry, proportion and harmony. Greek architecture can still be seen today. For example, the United States Capitol building and other federal monuments in Washington DC have notable similarities in the design, decoration of the columns with the classic Greek architecture. The ancient Mesopotamia was the first civilized territory on the globe that â€Å"began the history† by inventing a form of writing. The inventions and innovations of this civilization contributed to the evolution of humankind. The ability to write made a great impact on people’s intellectual capacities and potential future success in exploring and studying major concepts that later became fundamental for the future development of the whole humankind. Even though the Mesopotamians were the first who pioneered in mathematical studies, the Greeks’ logical approach to the mathematical problems helped them to excel in this discipline. Moreover they applied this knowledge into other areas of  science and technology, which shaped the foundation of Western civilization. Ancient Mesopotamia and Greece civilizations played a key role in the development and progress of our modern world. Without their astounding inventions we wouldn’t be able to succeed in many imp ortant spheres of science, mathematics, astronomy and technology. They say there is nothing new under the sun, which means that anything new that we create is merely an improvement on another invention from a previous inventor.

History of the Automobile Essay

Starting in the late 1700’s, European engineers began tinkering with motor powered vehicles. Steam, combustion, and electrical motors had all been attempted by the mid 1800’s. By the 1900’s, it was uncertain which type of engine would power the automobile. At first, the electric car was the most popular, but at the time a battery did not exist that would allow a car to move with much speed or over a long distance. Even though some of the earlier speed records were set by electric cars, they did not stay in production past the first decade of the 20th century. The steam-driven automobile lasted into 1920’s. However, the price on steam powered engines, either to build or maintain was incomparable to the gas powered engines. Not only was the price a problem, but the risk of a boiler explosion also kept the steam engine from becoming popular. The combustion engine continually beat out the competition, and the early American automobile pioneers like Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford built reliable combustion engines, rejecting the ideas of steam or electrical power from the start. Automotive production on a commercial scale started in France in 1890. Commercial production in the United States began at the beginning of the 1900’s and was equal to that of Europe’s. In those days, the European industry consisted of small independent firms that would turn out a few cars by means of precise engineering and handicraft methods. The American automobile plants were assembly line operations, which meant using parts made by independent suppliers and putting them together at the plant. In the early 1900’s, the United States had about 2,000 firms producing one or more cars. By 1920 the number of firms had decreased to about 100 and by 1929 to 44. In 1976 the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association had only 11 members. The same situation occurred in Europe and Japan. The first automobile produced for the masses in the US was the three-horsepower, curved-dash Oldsmobile; 425 of them were sold in 1901 and 5,000 in 1904–this model is still prized by collectors. The firm prospered, and it was noted by others, and, from 1904 to 1908, 241 automobile-manufacturing firms went into business in the United States. One of these was the Ford Motor Company which was organized in June 1903, and sold its first car on the following July 23. The company produced 1,700 cars during its first full year of business. Henry Ford produced the Model T to be an economical car for the average American. By 1920 Ford sold over a million cars. At the beginning of the century the automobile entered the transportation market as a toy for the rich. However, it became increasingly popular among the general population because it gave travelers the freedom to travel when they wanted to and where they wanted. As a result, in North America and Europe the automobile became cheaper and more accessible to the middle class. This was facilitated by Henry Ford who did two important things. First he priced his car to be as affordable as possible and second, he paid his workers enough to be able to purchase the cars they were manufacturing. This helped push wages and auto sales upward. The convenience of the automobile freed people from the need to live near rail lines or stations; they could choose locations almost anywhere in an urban area, as long as roads were available to connect them to other places. Many states in the US established motor fuel taxes that were used only to build and maintain highways helping the auto highway system become self-supporting. Popularity of the automobile has consistently moved with the state of the economy, growing during the boom period after World War I and dropping abruptly during the Great Depression, when unemployment was high. World War II saw a large increase in mass transit because employment was high and automobiles were scarce. The rapid growth of car owners after World War II, particularly in the United States and Western Europe demonstrated the population’s favor towards automobiles. During the war, automobile motors, fuel, and tires were in short supply. There was an unsatisfied demand when the war ended and plenty of production capacity as factories turned off the war machine. Many people had saved money because there was little to buy, beyond necessities, in the war years. Workers relied heavily on mass transportation during the war and longed for the freedom and flexibility of the automobile. A historian has said that Henry Ford freed common people from the limitations of their geography. The automobile created mobility on a scale never known before, and the total effect on living habits and social customs is endless. In the days of horse-drawn transportation, the practical limit of wagon travel was 10 to 15 miles, so that meant any community or individual farm more than 15 miles from a city, a railroad, or a navigable waterway was isolated from the mainstream of economic and social life. Motor vehicles and paved roads have narrowed the gap between rural and urban life. Farmers can ship easily and economically by truck and can drive to town when it is convenient. In addition, such institutions as regional schools and hospitals are now accessible by bus and car. Yet, the effect on city life has been, if anything, more prominent than the effect on the farms. The automobile has radically changed city life by accelerating the outward expansion of population into the suburbs. The suburban trend is emphasized by the fact that highway transportation encourages business and industry to move outward to sites where land is cheaper, where access by car and truck is easier than in crowded cities, and where space is available for their one or two story structures. Better roads were constructed, which further increased travel throughout the nation. As with other automobile-related phenomena, the trend is most noticeable in the United States but is rapidly appearing elsewhere in the world. Before the automobile, people both lived in the city and worked in the city, or lived in the country and worked on a farm. Because of the automobile, the growth of suburbs has allowed people to live on the outskirts of the city and be able to work in the city by commuting. New jobs due to the impact of the automobile such as fast food, city/highway construction, state patrol/police, convenience stores, gas stations, auto repair shops, auto shops, etc. allow more employment for the world’s growing population.

The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie Essays

The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie Essays The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie Paper The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie Paper The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie BY prs95 Form is inseparable from content in a work of literature. How do the formal qualities of narratives shape the readers experience of their contents? German philosopher, Immanuel Kant, has supported the statement Form is inseparable from content in a work of literature. He strongly believed that Form without content is empty; content without form is blind. l (page 157) It can be argued that the formal qualities in literature are a key aspect in contributing to the readers overall experience. E. M Forster has suggested that the generic structure of a ovel should entail a beginning, middle and an end. 2 In Muriel Sparks novel The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, the author has challenged this traditional format through illustrating events in an anachronical form and through the inclusion of a universal omniscient narrator, which has resulted in a build up of suspense, reinforced the novels thematic richness and enabled the reader to recognise the development of characters throughout. Reflecting upon Forsters belief, I would have to disagree with this and feel that Sparks structure has successfully enhanced the readers appreciation of the novel as a whole. On general terms, it seems clear to me that the form of literature is a tool used by authors in order to display the content within the novel in a certain fashion. This will result in the reader interpreting the text in a specific way, driven by the writer. This reflects Kants opinion when focusing on the divorce of form with content. In any novel, and in every aspect of life, time is of paramount importance. In Sparks novel, this facet is manipulated in such a way to be unfamiliar to the reader, yet still providing structure. Despite foreshadowing events of the story, the reader has become intrigued to find out the reasons as to why ertain events occur. Time as a general concept, can be used by writers to emphasise events and regardless of the malleability of time as a structural point, linearity cannot be eradicated completely it fundamentally acts as a structural base for a novel. At the start of the novel, it is immediately clear to the reader that the pattern of time is not in a chronological order, as Spark has included numerous counts of analepsis and prolepsis. This has insistently drawn the reader to a question of time, and it is obvious Spark has explicitly made this a key focal point for the reader. At he first introduction to the Brodie Set, we are informed that the girls are fourth- form (page 5). Following this, there is a flashback to when the girls were age twelve, and then a scene of the girls at the age of sixteen. The individuality of the girls is framed when the reader is told, The five girls, standing very close to each other because of the boys, wore their hats each with a definite difference. (Page 5) Despite sharing the commonality of being a part of The Brodie Set, their differences are highlighted with a flash-forward to how the girls are viewed as individuals later on. Spark has strategically mentioned in the first chapter that Mary Mcgreggor lost her life in a hotel fire (page 14). This key piece of information has signified this event, which has ultimately created a sense of tension, and despite knowing the fate of Mary, the reader almost feels obliged to continue reading. This early foreknowledge one has of Marys fate, affects how the reader views her throughout the remainder of influencing our reading, but anticipation of the event is not strong. (140)3 Looking at this quote, I have already shown a way in which the technique of prolepsis can have strong impact on the reader, however Bridgemans radical statement implying that the readers anticipation is minimal due to the mere knowledge of what happens, I would have to disagree. By simply knowing key events about the content of a novel, the reader begins to actively think about the circumstances surrounding such events, ultimately creating a strong sense of anticipation. Continuing on from Bridgemans view, John Holloway feels that The fact remains that the structure of this narrative is largely a matter of the constant operation of writing a next event so as to negate an xisting forward. 4 (Page 591) He has applied this statement with direct relation to Sparks novel. One may say that this view is too simplistic as it only focuses on the surface of the basic structure. The narrative has foreshadowed many of the events that follow, however the context of these events remains unclear until the story has evolved. There is constant movement within the story, as themes and characters develop. Additionally to Sparks consistent use of prolepsis and analepsis, the form of narrative used has also affected the readers experience of this novel. The main vents of the novel are told through the presence of an omniscient narrator. This has enabled the readers understanding of the main themes of the novel (Miss Brodies Prime and its effect on her pupils) to be deepened. It has created a strong sense of perspective for the reader, and allowed him or her to form an opinion that is not based directly from one of the characters point of view, which is often biased or unreliable. John Morreal has criticised the omniscient narrator, and has said, Omniscience could not provide a filter for a story in the way that the limited knowledge of an internal narrator does. 5 (Page 432) I believe Sparks novel as an example, negates this claim entirely. The style of narrative used, reveals knowledge through the use of prolepsis and analepsis in such a way only to inform the reader of brief, yet vital events. With regards to The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, if Spark had instead used an internal narrator, the content of the novel would not have been delivered as effectively as it has done with the omniscient narrator, and it would possibly lack its uniqueness. Overall, this has helped shape the readers understanding and experience. The impact of an omniscient narrator can be pplied to other texts, such as Henry James The Turn of the Screw. In this case, the omniscient narrator has been included in order to introduce a sense of uncertainty to the reader, as the narrative form initially seems to lack credibility and reliability. It has presented a perspective that not only links to the uncertainty experienced by the governess herself, but also to influence the outcome the reader takes away from the story. This can therefore draw a likeness to the narrative form in Sparks novel it has been used in order to directly impact the reader. Furthermore, a primary function f a narrative is to tell a story and create a mood, which is achieved in this novel through various language techniques, including speech. The use of direct speech has allowed the reader to gain an insight of characters themselves. Miss Brodie says Give me a girl at an impressionable age, and she is mine for life. This statement, direct from Brodie herself, frames her manipulative personality and her desire to assert control on vulnerable people. The power this has of being direct speech character. It therefore adds a sense of truthfulness to what the reader is told. The ood throughout varies with instances of humour, seriousness and a sense of pity (towards the victims of Brodies manipulation). This constant change in tone creates mixed emotions yet keeps the reader entertained and focused. The reader experiences different emotions whilst forming an impression on Jean Brodie. The use of speech further creates a sense of distance between the reader and Miss Brodie as her character becomes more and more unattractive, however the readers empathy grows for the individual members of the Brodie Set as the harsh effects Brodie has, start to become apparent. Critic Peter Robert Brown has stated that; Readers are encouraged to acknowledge their participation in victimization in the actual world and to reflect on the role that narrative plays in the process and Justification of victimization. 6 (229) This suggestion implies that the readers experiences throughout the novel are somewhat based on their own personal experiences, and a sense of appreciation can be formed based on this. Finally, an important aspect of form, especially with reference to Sparks novel, is the repetition, which emphasises the main themes, fundamentally leading the reader to having a greater ense of the me ssage Spark has aimed to convey. The word prime is mentioned again and again through the course of the novel. In addition to being in the title, and mentioned throughout, the word is even said in the closing sentence of the novel. There was a Miss Jean Brodie in her prime. This is an exact repetition of what Sandy had said earlier on in the novel (page 35). This closing sentence successfully reiterates the theme of ones Prime, and leaves a lasting impression on the reader, allowing him to reflect and create his or her own opinion on what exactly ones prime is, and how Brodies prime affected the girls. Continuing on from the impact repetition has, it almost mirrors the repetitiveness of time itself. This parallel draws attention to the non-linear structure of time, and highlights its individuality. In conclusion, the basic structure of time and unraveling of events has been manipulated a clear representation of the manipulation the girls experience as a consequence of Miss Brodies actions. The formal qualities used by Spark extend further to the narrative technique and aspects such as speech. Looking back at what Forster suggested, Sparks innovative structure has proven successful and has esulted in positively impacting the readers experience of the novel. It has highlighted main themes, reinforced ideas and enabled the reader to recognise the development in characters. With regards to the statement that Form is inseparable from content in a work of literature, it is clear that the two can be differentiated, however they both positively correlate and compliment the purpose and effect each has. Spark has used the form of her work to illustrate the content in order to influence the way in which the reader interoperates certain aspects of the novel.

Getting a Teacher Certificate

Getting a Teacher Certificate As the TESOL teaching profession becomes more and more competitive, finding a good teaching job requires higher qualifications. In Europe, the TESOL teaching certificate is the base qualification. There are a number of different names for this teaching certificate including the TESL teaching certificate and TEFL teaching certificate. After that, teachers who are committed to the profession will usually go on to take the TESOL diploma. The TESOL Diploma is a full years course and is currently highly valued in Europe.    An Overview This main purpose of this diploma (besides, lets be honest, improving career qualifications) is to give the TESOL teacher a broad overview of the principal approaches to teaching and learning English. The course serves to raise the teachers consciousness as to what learning processes are taking place during  language acquisition and instruction. The basis is on an underlying teaching philosophy of Principled Eclecticism. In other words, no one method is taught as being correct. An inclusive approach is taken, giving each school of thought its due, while also examining its possible shortcomings. The objective of the diploma is to give the TESOL teacher the necessary tools to evaluate and apply different teaching methods to meet each students needs. Taking the Course The distance learning method has both its positive and negative side. There is a massive amount of information to get through and it takes quite a bit of self-discipline to complete the coursework effectively. Certain areas of study also seem to play a larger role than others. Thus, phonetics and phonology play a leading role in the makeup of the course (30% of modules and  ¼ of the exam), while other, more practical subjects such as reading and writing, play a relatively minor role. In general, the emphasis is on teaching and learning theory and not necessarily on the application of specific instruction methods. However, the practical part of the diploma does focus very specifically on teaching theory. Logistically, the support and help from Sheffield Hallam and the course directors at English Worldwide were excellent. The final intensive course of five days was essential for the successful completion of the course. This session was in many ways the most satisfying part of the course and served to unify all the various schools of thought studied, as well as providing practical exam writing practice. Advice Self-discipline and good pacing throughout the entire academic year are of absolute importance in order to deal with all the material presented.As the exam itself concentrates not on single areas of instruction, but rather to global issues, relate parts to the whole on a continuing basis.Get some kind of holiday break in before the final intensive week and exam preparation.   Other Experiences The following other articles and accounts of studying for various teaching certifications. A review of the i-to-i Online Tefl CertificateThe British Councils 404 TEFL Qualifications Guide

Survy2222 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Survy2222 - Essay Example border, drug cash is everywhere in Mexico. The money generated from drugs has propped up the countrys banking system. The money helps the countries ride out the financial crisis and aid the countrys economy. Narcotic drug get smuggled into Mexico mostly from the US at an approximate cost of $100. This money gets to books and accounts of construction firms, bars, and restaurants. Once the money gets settled into such accounts, the police cannot trace it. In western Mexico, drug cartels own hospitals and real estates. In the US as well, drug cartels own big car wash companies. The level of technology and education in the US and Mexico influences the drug trade. The drug cartels are highly organized. The traffickers employ the finest brains. They use the most modern equipment and technologies in producing, transporting, and distributing their drugs. This enables the big drug traffickers to run and finance their operations without into contact with the drugs. This facilitates the drug trafficking business (European Parliament). In the US people with a college education had a lower prevalence of illegal drug use compared to those without a college education. According to Common Sense for Drug Policy, college graduates who used drugs were 5.7 percent. People who had high school education or below and used drugs totaled to 11.2

The Effects of Child Sexual Abuse Research Paper

The Effects of Child Sexual Abuse - Research Paper Example The National Center for Victims of Crime state that sexual abuse can include speaking sexual dialogue to a child, touching their genitals in any way, watching a child when they are naked (voyeurism), rape, including oral or other types of rape, and forcing a child to do sexual acts for performance in pornography or prostitution.This broad definition of sexual abuse gives a better understanding of how children are often exploited without anyone knowing.There is no specific type of person who becomes a child abuser. They can be men and women (though women do not abuse children as often as men), they can be any age, and usually, the perpetrator is in a position of trust (The National Center for Victims of Crime). Some children are victims of incest, which means that someone in their family is either related by blood or the two people have an emotional connection (The National Center for Victims of Crime). Crime statistics show that about 14% of men, who currently are in prison, are chil d sexual abuses. In addition, about 36% of women were abused as children. Child Help also states that 59% of children who have been sexually abused were more likely to be arrested when they are a teenager, 28% more apt to be arrested when they are adults, and they are 30% more likely to commit a violent crime. Children are also more likely to have a sexually transmitted disease as they grow older, and if they have parents who are also alcoholics, they may be more prone to being abused than if the parents do not use alcohol or drugs.

Feminism In England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Feminism In England - Essay Example Feminist political activists support such issues as women suffrage, wage equivalency, and have power over reproduction. (O'NEILL, 1969) Feminism is not connected with any specific group, performance, or past occasion. Its foundation is the political understanding that there are rough power arrangements between groups, in conjunction with the faith that something should be done about it. Feminism has been described as a movement with many projects; there is not just one feminist view on everything, so not just one feminist legal theory. However, arguably feminist legal scholars have certain similar concerns. Although anthropologists suggest that many primitive societies were essentially matriarchal, historical evidence from the Roman era till the present time indicates that must legal systems have treated women in an unequal fashion in comparison with their male components. Feminists believe that until the recent past all writing on the social, political, economic, and other major issues affecting humanity have been done by males, from a male point of view and barring very few exceptions (e.g. J.S.Miller), do not reflect women's role in creating and shaping society. Male written works have created and perpetuated biases and injustices against womankind. Male's characteristics are take as the norm and female's characteristics as deviation from the norm. Instances can be quoted to show that the prevailing conceptions and applications of law continue to reinforce and perpetuate patriarchal power. Feminism arose to challenge to rectify these wrongs and the ground realities dictate that the struggle should go on. The 19th century English liberals were among the first jurists seriously to question the position of women in society. For example JS Mill questioned the traditional, to some extent religious view that women were inferior beings destined to obey th eir husbands. Then, towards the end of the century Marxist writers began also to question the way in which women were treated under the law and economically championing women as the oppressed clans. In Marxist eyes it is the male capitalist who is the villain. Women and workers are the oppressed and exploited victims. Modern writers such as Zaretsky attempted to show that male dominance was as much an evil as capitalist oppression (Dixon, 2001). Although most of the leaders of feminist movement were women, yet all women are not the supporters of feminism and not all feminists are women. A number of feminists dispute that men should not acquire positions of headship in the movement, but the majority believe or look for the support of men. The issue of Feminism in England has rose to alarming levels and needs to be addressed so that major revolutions by the women can be avoided. Feminism in England is totally different than that in America as it is based the rights of equality of women their fulfillment and their role in the prosperity of England. The media is playing a major role in influencing the role of women in England. It is portraying women as second class citizens and is

Organic Solar Cells History, Principles and Efficiency

Organic Solar Cells History, Principles and Efficiency Solar Cells Solar cells are cells or devices use for converting sunlight into electric cur ­rent (electricity) or voltage. They are also called photovoltaic cells (PV) or devices and the process of generating electricity from sunlight is called pho ­toelectric effect. Solar Energy conversion through photovoltaic effect can be achieved with many materials at different lifetimes. Over the years many research and development have been conducted in the area of solar energy (thin film applications)[1]-[3]. But most of these developments have been in inorganic solar cells with conventional silicon base solar cells dominating in the production of solar energy in the commercial market [4]-[5]. Silicon base cells for thin film application have enormous advantages like good absorp ­tion rate of sunlight, suitable band gap for photovoltaic applications, longer lifetimes and improving efficiency. But the process of silicon base cells gen ­eration of voltage is tedious and above all very expensive fo r the commercial market. Research for alternatives to silicon has been ongoing for some time now with some other inorganic materials like Copper Indium Gallium Sele ­nium (Cu-In-Ga-Se)[6], Cadmium Sulfide (CdS)[7], Lead Cadmium Sulfide (PbCdS)[8], etc. But some have similar production problems like the silicon and as well expensive. Others also are of dangerous elements which are not environmentally friendly (CdS, PbCdS, etc). Another alternative to silicon base cells in terms of thin film (solar cells) research for photovoltaic applica ­tion could be organic solar cells (also known as plastic solar cells)[9]. With this, photocurrents are generated from organic materials. In this review, brief history of organic solar cells is discussed, the basic principle of operation is outlined and some performance in terms of the materials absorption rate, efficiency, stability and degradation and comparison between organic solar cells and inorganic solar cells (silicon) are also discussed. Chapter 2 Organic Solar cells (Plastic Solar cells) The infancy of organic solar cells began in the late 1950s [10]. At this time, photoconductivity in some organic semiconductor cells (anthracene, chlorophyll) were measured with voltage of 1 V by some research groups[11] ­[12].They proposed that if a single layer PV cell is illuminated consisting of an organic layer, sandwich cell with low work function metal (aluminum, Al) and a conducting glass of high work function (indium tin oxide, ITO), photoconductivity will be observed. With this interesting result and less cost effective of these organic semiconductor cells and also a possibility of doping these materials to achieve more encouraging results caught up with many researchers in this field. The work done since has been unprecedented as shown in figure 2.1 on the next page. In the 1960s, semiconducting properties were observed in dyes partic ­ularly in methylene blue [13]. Efficiency of 10−5 % in sunlight conversion was reported in the early 1970s to an improvement of 1 % in the early 1980s [14]. This was achieved through an interesting phenomenon known as heterojunction[15]. This phenomenon is a surface between semiconduct ­ing materials of dissimilar layers. Photovoltaic devices were applied with heterojunction where donor-acceptor organic cells were tailored together. In recent years, photoconductivity has been measured in dyes and the dye so ­lar cells have progressively been improved for laboratory cells[16]. Currently power conversion efficiency of organic photovoltaics in single-junction devices is over 9 %[17] and that of multi-junction cell is over 12 %[18]. Some materials of organic solar cells are dyes and some polymers like origomers[19], dendrimers[20], liquid crystal materials[21] and self-assembled monolayers [22]. All these need to be prepared carefully to obtain optimum efficiency and stability[23] Figure 2.1: Number of publications is plotted against the year of publications. This shows the inception of organic solar cells and how much interest the field has generated among scientists and the commercial entities over the years. Years below 1990 saw less publication (1960 to 1970 -10 and 1980 to 1990  ­29) compared to the years in the figure. Principle of Operations. In recent time, organic solar cells are of different operations due to their usage. Similar to inorganic solar cells, organic solar cells can be used to convert sunlight into electricity with the aid of a semiconductor. The basic principle behind this operation is outline below: Most organic solar cells have very thin material layer either single or multi-layer where there is a strong absorption of light sandwich between two electrodes, an anode (A) and a cathode (C). The anode (usually indium tin oxide ITO) is transparent and has a high work function. The cathode (aluminum) is opaque and has a low work function. The material layer is usually a photosensitive organic semiconductor. When light of appropriate energy (sunlight) is incident on it, an electron is excited from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to a lower uncopied state called lowest uncopied molecular orbital (LUMO) leaving a hole in the HOMO. This leads to exciton formation. That is, there is a creation of an electron-hole pair which is strongly bounded together. As the electron stays at the LUMO, there is a loss in energy by the electron through thermal relaxation as the electron penetrates the energy band gap. The electron-hole pair diffuses in ­dependent of the electric field and are separated (exciton dissociation) at the interface between the donor state (HOMO) and the accepter state (LUMO). The electron is collected at one end of the electrode (cathode) and the hole at the other end of the electrode (anode) thereby generation photocurrent in the process. If the electron and the hole after separation do not reach the interface, their absorbed energies are dissipated out and no photocurrent is generated. Step by step principle is illustrated in pictorial form below: Figure 3.2: a) Light is incident on an electron (red). (b) Electron is excited from the HOMO to the LUMO creating a hole (black) at the HOMO. (c) Exciton formation of electronhole pair. (d) Diffusion of exciton independent of electric field. (e) Exciton dissociation. (f) Collection of charges. Chapter 4 Performance 4.1 Absorption of light. In organic solar cells, the thin organic semiconducting layer is responsible for light absorption. This layer has a valence band which is densed with electrons and a conduction band. These bands are separated by an energy gap. When the layer absorbs light, an excited state is created. This state is characterized by an energy gap. The energy gap is the energy difference between the higher energy state (LUMO) and the lower energy state (HOMO). It is usually of the range of (1.0 -4.0) eV[24] and it is determined as: Eg = ELUMO − EHOMO . (4.1) Where Eg is the energy gap in electron volts (eV), ELUMO is the energy at LUMO (higher energy state) and EHOMO is the energy at HOMO (lower energy state). The energy gap usually serves as an activation energy barrier. This acti ­vation energy barrier needs to be overcome before an electron is excited from the lower energy state to the higher energy state. The excited electron has energy greater than or equal to this activation energy barrier. This energy is determined as: h.c Ephoton = ≠¥ Eg . (4.2)ÃŽ »photon Where Ephoton is the energy of the incident photon (light), h is Plancks constant (6.626 Ãâ€"10−34 Js), c is speed of light (2.997 Ãâ€"108 ms−1) and ÃŽ »photon is wavelength of the photon (≈ (400 -700) nm). As the excited electron remains at the LUMO, a hole is created in the HOMO. The electron undergoes thermal relaxation as it remains at the LUMO and this result in loss of energy by the electron. This energy loss is compensated for as: El = Eelectron − Eg . (4.3) Where El is thermal energy loss of the electron, Eelectron is the energy of the electron at the LUMO and Eg is the energy gap. Figure 4.1: (a) Thin organic semiconductor layer (with both LUMO and HOMO) with energy gap (Eg). (b) Incident light of greater energy than the energy gap excites electron (red) from HOMO to LUMO. This creates a hole (black) at the HOMO (c) Energy lost by the electron through thermal relaxation. 4.2 Stability and Degradation In solar cell application, long operational lifetime performance is required. To achieve this, stability and degradation are few of the key important issues to look at in real-time application. Over the years, stability of organic solar cells has improved very much in terms of their power conversions[25]. This is clearly shown in the figure below: Ideally the advantages of organic solar cells with their low cost materi ­als, recyclable, easy production and production in large quantities, à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exibility and durability (low weight), stability should be optimum. These advantages somehow also affect the stability of the organic cells. The active layer (thin organic semiconducting layer) component which is a core component of the cells is sometimes prone to degradations. These degradations occur dur ­ing their production (printing in bulk quantities and rolling them together thereby introducing some mechanical properties which then affect the mor ­phology of the active layer) and also reactions from weathering (UV light, oxygen, water). Extensive work on photo stability of some organic solar cells (large number of polymers) has been investigated by Manceau et al[27]. Figure 4.2: Organic Photovoltaic (OPV) production with progression in years shown. The years below 2010 had lower production of OPVs (> 0.5 MW) [26]. Chapter 5 Comparism between organic solar cells and inorganic solar cells (Silicon base solar cells). Organic and inorganic solar cells serve similar applications but they interest ­ing differences in terms of how they are made. Organic solar cells are cheap in terms of materials, production and are recyclable, they have very thin solar cells with little energy in making them, they are à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible, durable and have low weight, they are colourful and they have easy production and can be produced in large areas. But they have low efficiency and lifetime compared to silicon base solar cells. Inorganic solar cells are cost effective in terms of materials, production and are not recyclable, much energy is need to have thin layer cells, they are rigid and not durable, they are of dark grey materials with dark blue to black coat ­ing, they have complicated production and are difficult to produce in large areas. But they have good light absorption rate, better efficiency and longer lifetime. Chapter 6 Conclusion Organic solar cells can be alternative to silicon base solar cells with its in ­teresting applications. They can be fabricated into our day to day usage materials and equipment with low cost technology in serving their purpose. Efficiency and stability still remains areas that should be addressed in the future to optimally have good power conversions.