The Cellar Of Doom

Alesha let out a long, substantial murmur. She was unable to accept she was stuck in an old lodging in Lincoln, Maine, USA. It was the Summer Holidays and she had come to America with her mum, father, and her irritating more youthful siblings Ashley and Scott, who were six and seven. Scott and Ashley weren't the peaceful kind of children. They tended to energized over anything, and were consistently hyper. The Miller family were remaining at The Stars And Stripes Hotel, which was extremely old and exhausting. Alesha would much rather be back at home in England, even it was coming down constantly there. Alesha had just been there for two days, and had just exploited the ‘fantastic offices'. There was the ‘amazing' pool and spa, the ‘fabulous' arcade and the ‘wonderful' multi †sports court. Alesha couldn't perceive what was so incredible about a grimy pool, a faulty spa, two organic product machines and an enormous pitch of mud with a couple of goal lines. It would have been a long and exhausting fourteen days. She had been out ‘exploring' the dreadful, old lodging attempting to discover a few children around her age. Alesha was 14, so it was very simple truly, as there were heaps of tired adolescents remaining at the old spot. â€Å"Alesha, we're going out!† her mum called. â€Å"Cool, gives up to Detroit, or Hollywood, or†¦.† â€Å"No, I mean me and your dad are going for a dinner. We're going to discover a spot to eat. OK?† â€Å"What?† Alesha dissented. â€Å"That's not reasonable. You mean me, Ash and Scott have gotta stay here?† â€Å"That's correct. We'll be just be away for around three hours. We are not going far, we are as yet remaining in Lincoln, don't worry!† â€Å"But mum†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No buts, OK? Presently, be good.† Alesha sat on the fraying green lounge chair, and checked out the bleak earthy colored and yellow room. ‘The hues in here are horrendous. They don't as well match!' she thought. She got her magazine and began to peruse the article about her preferred rapper, Eminem. She looked at the clock. Her folks had just been away for ten minutes. She heard a noisy slamming commotion. â€Å"Ashley, Scott, it would be ideal if you SHUT UP! Stop that slamming NOW!† she yelled. â€Å"Alesha, it wasn't us!† Scott called. â€Å"Whatever! Presently, simply shut up!† She flicked on the old TV and got the dusty remote control. The room hadn't been cleaned for a very long time. The floor had cigarette recolors on top of it, and with respect to the draperies, there was no reason for having them there, in light of the fact that they were so torn and frayed, they were nearly non †existent. The slamming clamor was truly irritating her now, and she hollered at her siblings to quiet down, however they denied making the slamming sound. She tossed down her magazine and began to watch the TV. There was a picture of a man assembling a block divider in what looked a basement. There was likewise a moderately aged woman with him. She looked truly confounded. At that point the man went to her and began beating the woman with a scoop. Exhausting! Alesha squeezed the CHANNEL UP button. ‘Wonder how to get TRL on this thing?' Alesha pondered. A similar picture was on the screen. What? Alesha pushed down hard on the control. Perhaps the catch had got stuck. Presently the lady was shouting out in agony, and blood was recoloring her light blue dress. She was shouting STOP! STOP! Be that as it may, the man clearly had no sentiments, for he continued beating her, his scoop brilliant red, his face with a malevolent smile, his dim eyes frostily gazing at the scared lady, and the ghastliness on the lady's face. Alesha was appalled, and pressed the catch once more. At this point the lady was dead, and the TV despite everything wasn't working appropriately. Alesha looked as the man began burrowing an opening, perhaps a grave, in this thing that appeared as though a chimney, yet loaded up with soil and coal. At that point Alesha heard a slamming, and she didn't know whether it was on the TV or a similar one as she had heard previously. Alesha was truly scared, however she was nearly stuck to the screen. She didn't know what it was, yet it resembled there was an exceptional power, keeping her transfixed to the frightening pictures. She attempted to pull away, however she proved unable. She looked as the abhorrent man kicked the dead body into the make †move grave. Inevitably, the man had secured the lady with soil and coal. He continued structure the divider. Alesha had woken up from her stupor, and attempted a similar catch once more. Be that as it may, when she pressed the catch, nothing occurred. What was happening? Possibly the remote wasn't working appropriately. That was the reason the wiped out program wouldn't leave. She stood up, and continued hearing ceaseless slamming. Possibly it was nearby or something. She was getting very terrified at this point. She understood that it was 6:30 pm, and that her folks had been away for 60 minutes. She was unable to stand to be separated from everyone else now, so she called to her siblings. She killed the TV. â€Å"Oi, come ‘ere, now!† she got out, fomented. At the point when they didn't reply, she went to research. She understood that they were sleeping in their beds. ‘Typical. Sleeping at 6:30! Lazybones!' she thought. ‘Well, they should be very drained after the football at the beginning of today.' At that point there was a thump at the entryway. Thinking it was her folks, Alesha quickly opened it. â€Å"Hi!† said a voice. She saw it was her new companions that she had met in the pool yesterday. â€Å"Hi Marshall, howdy Justin, hello Mel!† Alesha cried. Marshall was from Detroit, Justin was from California and Mel was from England. They were exhausted as well. â€Å"Wanna come out with us? We are sooooo exhausted, and we're jus' pondering whether you wanna come and jus resembles meander around here.† Justin said. â€Å"I can't, I gotta take care of my brothers.† She answered. â€Å"Go on!† Mel argued. â€Å"Well, just rapidly. Scott and Ash are sleeping anyway.† Alesha ventured out with her companions, and understood that she had around two hours before her folks got back. â€Å"So where we goin'?† Alesha inquired. â€Å"Dunno!† Mel answered. They strolled around, and found a lot of steps driving downwards. Alesha had disregarded the TV episode, since she was cheerful that she wasn't the only one any longer. There was a NO ENTRY sign on the entryway. Alesha's telephone blared. It was an instant message. It stated: Hello there ALESHA HOPE U R LOOKIN AFTA UR BRUVZ. WE MIGHT BE BAK L8R, MAYB @ 9:30. Expectation U R OK. On the off chance that U GET WORRIED JUS CALL US. C U L8R MUM N DAD XX : ) Alesha felt somewhat remorseful disregarding her siblings currently, yet satisfied she was out of the exhausting, stodgy lodging. Marshall turned the NO ENTRY give up with the goal that it resembled a clear bit of card. They followed the steps down, and understood that it was a basement. It was completely dark. Alesha heard a natural commotion. â€Å"Uh†¦.is there a light in ‘ere?† Mel inquired. â€Å"Hey, folks, y'hear that?† Alesha addressed, thoroughly overlooking Mel. â€Å"What, the slamming? Better believe it, I think†¦.† Justin said. â€Å"SHHH!† she murmured. Sufficiently sure, there was a slamming originating from some place in the room. Marshall looked through the divider with his hands to locate a light switch. He discovered one, and flicked the switch on. Blast! Blast! â€Å"Marshall†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mel said. The slamming got stronger. â€Å"It's nothing, OK folks? Leave it. We're fine! Hey†¦.Look, a camcorder! Its one of them ones that came out around five years back, you know, a pocket one! They are worth loads!† Justin yelled with fervor. He headed toward look at it. It was about 10cm in tallness and 5cm in width. Justin had seen it covered up in a little gap in the divider. It was connected however, as though somebody had associated it to something. Alesha saw that something had been barricaded. â€Å"Hey, look at this, I wonder what's behind this?† â€Å"Er, most likely nothin' interestin'† Marshall replied. He began to kick the board down, with Justin as yet inspecting the camcorder. Mel and Alesha just remained there talking. When Marshall kicked the down the board, there was a divider which was around 2 meters high. â€Å"Hey, investigate here!† he cried with energy. â€Å"What it is?† Mel inquired. â€Å"Dunno. I'm going to move over it and see what it's hiding.† He began to climb over it, however the divider clearly hadn't been fabricated appropriately, in light of the fact that it crumbled practically straight away. Marshall tumbled to the floor, and acknowledged he had landed right close to something that caused him to feel very sick†¦ â€Å"Ugh, Justin, it's a skeleton! How could it get down here?† Justin shouted. â€Å"OH MY GOD!† Mel cried when she saw it. â€Å"Cool†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Marshall wondered. â€Å"Yuk! What we going to do?† Alesha yelled out. At that point Alesha recollected the video. â€Å"Justin†¦.† she got out. She went to the camcorder. It was valid. The camcorder was associated with a TV some place in the inn. Her TV. The stunning pictures that she had been observing before had really occurred. She disclosed to the others what she had seen before. Be that as it may, how could the slamming be clarified? Once Justin had gone to gathering to discover someone, the once confined room was loaded up with police, lodging staff and analysts. The police scrutinized the children. Mel figured they would get berated for entering the basement without consent! They didn't however. In spite of the fact that Alesha got berated for leaving Ashley and Scott all alone, she didn't generally mind since it had been an experience for her. Months the lady was named as Ann McKenzie. The police affirmed that Alesha's story was valid. What had happened was that years back, Ann realized that her fianc㠯⠿â ½ would kill her, since he was so savage, and each time she left him, he would chase her down and beat her up. Consistently they came to Maine, to The Stars And Stripes Hotel, and he continued dropping insights about death and that he would execute her once they were in Maine. Becau

Woman In The Dunes Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lady In The Dunes - Movie Review Example As he set out for his undertaking, he was late and in this manner missed the last transport back to the city. The residents offer him a spot to go through the night, managing him down a rope stepping stool to a house that is under a sand quarry (Morris 1). This is the home of a young lady called Kyoko Kishida, who lives alone as her significant other had passed on because of a dust storm. She is utilized to uncover sand for development by the locals, and keep it from covering the house. On getting up the next morning, the stepping stool that he had moved down on was gone. He understands that it was a snare, as the residents compel him to remain there and help the lady in uncovering the sand. Finding that it was the villagers’ plan for him to remain there for all time, he makes a few getaway endeavors, however they all fall flat (Crowther 1). Afterward, he discovers that the lady is alright with the existence that she lives since she knows no other life. His primary errand is a ttempting to make sense of how to escape from his caught life, and simultaneously, coincide with the lady. The story later takes a turn in that, with time, Jumpei and Kyoko have a solid physical fascination for one another (Morris 1). They later adjust to one another and become sweethearts, regardless of their enduring in control. The maker has delineated how life can end up being what was not anticipated. The terrible circumstance for Jumpei winds up getting him a lady to adore. The predicament for Kyoko additionally gets her a man to adore. The two continued on for long, yet they at last profit by it. The paper depicts a portion of the ideas, subjects and characters got from the film, after basic investigation, concentrating on the primary thought of the maker. Jumpei Nikki’s character The film portrays a developing character named Jumpei. Toward the start, Jumpei is depicted as an entomologist on a field work undertaking. Here, he shows up as an unassuming, innocent and in quisitive researcher, who believes that the locals are well disposed enough just to offer him a spot to remain for the evening (Morris 1). Afterward, when he finds that the townspeople deceived him, he obviously is incensed. Reality hits and he centers around getting away from an existence of anguish. Now, Jumpei is not, at this point a guileless researcher, yet a solid, certain man whose urgency lights a character loaded with anger, center and assurance towards one objective (Crowther 1). Jumpei’s change of character, because of an unpleasant circumstance, is emblematic to the ordinary human life. It depicts the human life as one characterized in control and detainment. This shows how a difficult spot can compel the adjustment in character of an individual, whereby the endurance impulse kicks (Morris 1). Kyoko Kishida’s character Suffering, desolate, drudge, steadiness, are the characteristics that ring a bell, while considering Kyoko Kishida. She is a lady living alo ne in a perilous domain, living on the edge, attempting to guarantee that the propelling sand doesn't expend her home. She is likewise a widow who lost her significant other and child to a dust storm (Crowther 1). The young lady is confronted with an unending undertaking, to burrow sand for the villagers’ use. Notwithstanding, shockingly, this is her way of life; the main life she knows and is eager to bite the dust for. Having lived under such conditions for all intents and purposes as long as she can remember, she can manage Jumpei into acknowledgment. The representative criticalness of this is to show the concurrence between two individuals from various foundations. Jumpei is an unpleasant, anxious man, while Kyoto is without a care in the world (Morris 1). Fascination After Jumpei’s a few bombed endeavors to get away, he starts to get ingested into the better approach forever. He understands that the young lady, from her experience, is his absolute best at enduranc e (Crowther 1). Afterward, they wind up having a sexual fascination towards each

A View From the Class Yulia Belyakova and Nadia Ramirez COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A View From the Class Yulia Belyakova and Nadia Ramirez COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The SIPA Office of Alumni and Development is pleased to share another installment of A View from the Class, a SIPA stories series, featuring current SIPA students, recently graduated alumni, and SIPA faculty. In this months issue, we feature current SIPA students, Yulia Belyakova MPA ’18, and Nadia Ramirez MPA 18. Here, both discuss why they chose their particular areas of study, internship and capstone experiences, and the importance of fellowship. Yulia Belyakova, MPA 18, Economic and Political Development concentration, Advanced Policy and Economic Analysis specialization What did you do before attending SIPA? Originally from Moscow, Russia, I studied Economics and French at Bryn Mawr College in  Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. During my undergraduate career, I held internships in the Indian equivalent of the Silicon Valley and a financial advisory firm serving public institutions in the U.S., which piqued my interest in emerging markets and public finance. After graduating from Bryn Mawr, I spent three years in a leading economic consulting firm in Washington, D.C., where I worked on complex commercial litigations issues in intellectual property, trade, and finance, with client engagements ranging from the DOJ and the ITC to Google. As an analyst, I was challenged with finding the most precise ways to deduce the economic value of things that are difficult to value, a perspective that I intended to bring to the international development space. Why did you choose SIPA? SIPA has been on my radar since I started looking at policy schools. What really differentiated SIPA for me were the experiences of alumni  I spoke with while researching schools: I knew several Bryn Mawr women who graduated or were attending SIPA, including my best friend who is now heading a government-led nutrition fortification program in India. I also engaged with a few alumni  in D.C. (and there are many!) who were very accessible and clearly enjoyed reminiscing on their time at SIPA. I also received a generous fellowship offer that was not matched by any other school, which will allow me to consider interesting positions without a debt-imposed salary requirement post-graduation. Finally, I knew I wanted to either come back to D.C. or work internationally after graduation, so spending a couple of years in New York was a bonus. Why did you choose your particular areas of study? After a stint in economic consulting which is a fascinating but very U.S.-focused industry, I pivoted into development and international work. The EPD concentration allows me to build credibility as a development professional by complementing the skills I developed during my time in consulting. Additionally, I am interested in evidence-based approaches to development, and I have loaded up on quantitative analysis courses that are part of the APEA concentration. Tell us about your summer internship experience. I spent 12 weeks in Uganda this past summer working on a financial inclusion evaluation. During my internship at Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA), I made a small contribution to the currently limited volume of evidence on the welfare impacts of financial inclusion â€" specifically, mobile money products that facilitate domestic peer-to-peer (P2P) transfers. I analyzed data from an extensive panel survey in Uganda and Tanzania to better understand the complex financial lives of the poor and determine how access to mobile money changes the way households respond to situations requiring additional financing. The households that experienced negative income shocks benefitted greatly from domestic transfers and were able to bridge the financing gap without cutting back on meals or taking children out of school. In addition to research design and analysis, I learned a lot about project management and the challenges of implementation in the field. I am looking forward to my Capstone expe rience this spring which, I hope, will take me back to Sub Saharan Africa. Is there a particular SIPA experience that stands out? Taking classes with experienced practitioners has been the highlight of my time at SIPA so far. Last year, I took a class on microfinance, co-taught by two highly accomplished women with years of experience in banking, foundations, and microfinance institutions. Their professional expertise combined with perspectives of other students in the class â€" fellow development practitioners â€" was truly eye-opening. I learned a lot and was able to leverage this knowledge in my summer internship search. What are your plans after SIPA? I hope to enter the impact evaluation field and assist NGOs and governments in maximizing their impact through implementation of cutting-edge evaluation programs. I am looking at positions in multilateral institutions, impact evaluation consulting firms, and policy research organizations â€" both in the U.S. and internationally. At present, I am interested in working either in or with West Africa. Nadia Ramirez, MPA 18, International Security Policy concentration, Latin America and International Conflict Resolution specializations What did you do prior to attending SIPA? I studied international relations as an undergraduate at Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida and studied abroad in 2011 in China at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. After graduating in 2013, I spent one year in Colombia (my country of birth) and then two years on a Fulbright in South Korea, teaching English at an all-girls high school in Busan and coordinating Fulbright’s volunteer program for North Korean defectors in the city. Why did you choose SIPA? Before starting my Fulbright, I thought about going to law school, but once in South Korea and through my work with North Korean defectors, I realized that what I actually wanted to do was work in diplomacy. I had considered the idea before, but after coming in contact with Foreign Service Officers, I decided to apply to the Charles B. Rangel International Affairs Fellowship Program, a U.S. State Department program that provides funding for graduate students who want to pursue a career in the U.S. Foreign Service. I ultimately chose SIPA as a Rangel fellow because of the heavy emphasis on quantitative skills and its international focus. Why did you choose your particular areas of study? After engaging in SIPA coursework and thinking about my career in the Foreign Service, I decided on the ISP concentration. I really like the ISP courses and think the material is relevant to my future work. My interest in Latin America grew out of my focus on East Asia as an undergraduate and research I conducted on the socioeconomic implications of Asian business in Latin America. I really enjoyed the research and thought specializing in Latin America would complement my East Asian focus. Specializing in Conflict Resolution happened accidentally. While looking at my course matrix, I realized that two classes in which I was interested (Negotiation and International Conflict Resolution) were part of the Conflict Resolution specialization. I’ve grown to really enjoy the area and now appreciate the importance of an institutional “soft power” type of perspective. What has been your experience at SIPA thus far? As a Rangel fellow, I am committed to serving a minimum of five years in the Foreign Service after graduating from SIPA. Since I don’t need to stress over internships and my job search, I’ve focused that energy on the SIPA community. I’ve done a lot of extracurricular activities and try very hard to support other SIPA students and their organizations. I was elected as one of SIPASA’s social chairs and find it very important to represent SIPASA at events. During my second semester, I was tapped to be on the SIPA Follies board, and I’m now their Executive Director, something I’m very happy to do since it gives me the opportunity to use my artistic side to the betterment of the SIPA community. How has SIPA affected you? SIPA has affected how I relate to people. Knowing that my classmates trust me enough to vote for me as their social chair, attending their events, and simply getting to know each and every one of them has made me a more confident, well-rounded individual. Every single one of my peers has an inspiring story to tell. It’s these people and their appreciation for what I do that has made me realize my potential. In many ways, they’ve helped prepare me for my career as a Foreign Service Officer. My peers and the positive relationships I’ve created as a naturalized American helped me in deciding to choose Public Diplomacy as my State Department career track. It’s where I can serve the U.S. best while doing the most good. How have your SIPA professors and instructors impacted your SIPA experience? There are many professors that have made my time at SIPA absolutely amazing. Academically, Richard Nephew has really helped prepare me for my future career. His short courses on Nuclear Concepts and Economic Sanctions are the perfect balance of theory and practicality. Other professors include Mayor Michael Nutter, Sarah Holloway, Chris Sabatini, and of course, the entire Econ/Quant team. Is there anything else that you’d like to add? I never realized how many doors a SIPA education could open until I did my State Department internship in The Netherlands. I met many SIPA alumni in the service as well as in many parts of Dutch society from banking, to government, and even the arts. It definitely allowed me to experience things I would not have gotten the chance to experience otherwise and created an immediate rapport that was immensely valuable on both a professional and personal level. Meeting all of these alumni and seeing the great work they’ve done in their communities demonstrates that Seeples go on to do amazing things.

Effects Of Divorce In The Family - 912 Words

Divorce changes the family unit The family is an important part of our life, it is where we belong and where we get our identities from. For me, family means people that love each other, a strong connection and a long lasting relationship. The family is the most important value who shaped my life. The traditional family means parents, children, and relatives. In our days there are a significantly changes that affect the family unit. One of the frequent changes is divorce. The raising of divorce is painful because divorce has negative effects not only for the adults but also for the children, and as a result, it affects the family structure by creating broken homes. Divorce is a life changing experience. When any†¦show more content†¦Children should have pleasant memories about their parents, for example, a vacation spent together, instead of memories as going to court because of divorce. White describes in â€Å"Once More to the Lake† a beautiful place from his childhood where he uses to spent the summer vacation with his family, which resulted in a stronger relationship with his father. He recalls, â€Å"It is strange how much you can remember about a place like the one you allow your mind to return into the grooves which lead back. You remember one thing, and suddenly remind you of another thing† (White, E.B. ). This type of place solidify the relationships in the family unit, and it encourages families to spend more time together. Secondly, divorce affects family relationships. When parents divorce, the primary effect is a decline in the relationship between parents and children. After the divorce, the judge set up rules about the custody and how parents can keep the contact with their children. The new rules, the new family structure, the new life may enormously change parents children relationship. Parents should be guides for their children, should be the wind beneath the wing s. Children need to receive unconditional love and, the guidance of their parent should be the base of their life. In â€Å"The Inheritance of Tools† Sanders explained how his father guided him trying to teach him how to use a hammer.Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Divorce On A Family1489 Words   |  6 Pages Divorce is a significant stressor for an individual and the family. Divorce has immediate consequences on the family structure and affects the psychological and social construct of a family going through divorce (McManus Nussbaum, 2011, p. 501). There is no doubt that families involved in divorce procedures have a challenging road ahead of them in terms of adapting to a new normal. 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Sir Sandford Fleming Father of Standard Time

Sir Sandford Fleming was an engineer and inventor responsible for a variety of innovations, most notably the modern system of standard time and time zones. Early Life Fleming was born in 1827 in Kirkcaldy, Scotland and emigrated to Canada in 1845 at the age of 17. He first worked as a surveyor and later became a railway engineer for the Canadian Pacific Railway. He founded the Royal Canadian Institute in Toronto in 1849. While originally an organization for engineers, surveyors, and architects, it would evolve into an institution for the advancement of science in general. Sir Sandford Fleming - Father of Standard Time Sir Sandford Fleming advocated the adoption of a standard time or mean time, as well as hourly variations from that according to established time zones. Flemings system, still in use today, established Greenwich, England (at 0 degrees longitude) as the standard time, and divides the world into 24 time zones, each a fixed time from the mean time. Fleming was inspired to create the standard time system after he missed the train in Ireland due to confusion over the time of departure. Fleming first recommended the standard to the Royal Canadian Institute in 1879, and he was instrumental in convening the 1884 International Prime Meridian Conference in Washington, at which the system of international standard time — still in use today — was adopted.  Fleming was behind the adoption of the present time meridians in both Canada and the U.S. Before Flemings time revolution, time of day was a local matter, and most cities and towns used some form of local solar time, maintained by some well-known clock (for example, on a church steeple or in a jewelers window). Standard time in time zones was not established in U.S. law until the Act of March 19, 1918, sometimes called the Standard Time Act. Other Inventions A few of Sir Sandford Flemings other achievements: Designed the first Canadian postage stamp. The three-penny stamp issued in 1851 had a beaver on it (the national animal of Canada).Designed an early in-line skate in 1850.Surveyed for the first railroad route across CanadaWas the head engineer for most of the Intercolonial Railway and the Canadian Pacific Railway.

Tuskegee Experiment Free Essays

Study clinicians â€Å" For the most part, doctors and civil servants simply did their jobs. Some merely followed orders, others worked for the glory of science. † — Dr John Heller, Director of the Public Health Service’s Division of Venereal Diseases[8] Some of the Tuskegee Study Group clinicians. We will write a custom essay sample on Tuskegee Experiment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dr. Reginald D. James (third to right), a black physician involved with public health work in Macon County, was not directly involved in the study. Nurse Rivers is on the left. Dr. Taliaferro Clark Dr. Oliver WengerThe venereal disease section of the U. S. Public Health Service (PHS) formed a study group at its national headquarters. Dr. Taliaferro Clark was credited with its origin. His initial goal was to follow untreated syphilis in a group of black men for 6 to 9 months, and then follow up with a treatment phase. When he understood the intention of other study members to use deceptive practices, Dr. Clark disagreed with the plan to conduct an extended study. [clarification needed] He retired the year after the study began. Representing the PHS, Clark had solicited the participation of the Tuskegee Institute (a historically black college (HBCU) that was well-known in Alabama) and of the Arkansas regional PHS office. Dr. Eugene Dibble, an African American doctor, was head of the John Andrew Hospital at the Tuskegee Institute. Dr. Oliver C. Wenger, a caucasian, was director of the regional PHS Venereal Disease Clinic in Hot Springs, Arkansas. He and his staff took a lead in developing study procedures. Wenger and his staff played a critical role in developing early study protocols. Wenger continued to advise and assist the Tuskegee Study when it turned into a long-term, no-treatment observational study. [9] Dr. Raymond H. Vonderlehr was appointed on-site director of the research program and developed the policies that shaped the long-term follow-up section of the project. For example, he decided to gain the â€Å"consent† of the subjects for spinal taps (to look for signs of neurosyphilis) by depicting the diagnostic test as a â€Å"special free treatment†. Vonderlehr retired as head of the venereal disease section in 1943, shortly after penicillin had first been shown to be a cure for syphilis. Nurse Eunice Rivers, an African-American trained at Tuskegee Institute who worked at its affiliated John Andrew Hospital, was recruited at the start of the study. Dr. Vonderlehr was a strong advocate for her participation, as she was the direct link to the community. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the Tuskegee Study began by offering lower class African Americans, who often could not afford health care, the chance to join â€Å"Miss Rivers’ Lodge†. Patients were to receive free physical examinations at Tuskegee University, free rides to and from the clinic, hot meals on examination days, and free treatment for minor ailments. As the study became long term, Nurse Rivers became the chief person with continuity. Unlike the changing state of national, regional and on-site PHS administrators, doctors, and researchers, Rivers stayed at Tuskegee University. She was the only study staff person to work with participants for the full 40 years. By the 1950s, Nurse Rivers had become pivotal to the study—her personal knowledge of the subjects enabled maintenance of long-term follow up. In the study’s later years, Dr. John R. Heller led the national division. By the late 1940s, doctors, hospitals and public health centers throughout the country routinely treated diagnosed syphilis with penicillin. In the period following World War II, the revelation of the Holocaust and related Nazi medical abuses brought about changes in international law. Western allies formulated the Nuremberg Code to protect the rights of research subjects. No one appeared to have reevaluated the protocols of the Tuskegee Study according to the new standards. In 1972 the Tuskegee Study was brought to public and national attention by a whistleblower, who gave information to the Washington Star and the New York Times. Heller of PHS still defended the ethics of the study, stating: â€Å"The men’s status did not warrant ethical debate. They were subjects, not patients; clinical material, not sick people. â€Å"[10] How to cite Tuskegee Experiment, Papers

Unethical Marketing and its Consequences free essay sample

Today, it seems as though everyone is aware of ethics, and what ethical values he or she holds and how they apply to their everyday life. Similarly, many companies are changing their structures, training their staff and defining the high importance and expectations when it comes to ethics in business, specifically marketing. Over the many years that businesses have advertised products and services, advertising has gained the general reputation of being dishonest or in some cases adversarial. However, all marketing is not adversarial or stacked in favor of the marketer. A very popular view of marketing in an article from the iContact Corporation website called â€Å"Marketing Ethics† makes the stated how marketing ethics in general â€Å"is inherently evil, with little truth or outrageous claims that are designed to generate sales. One of the best examples of this is the products promoted on late night television in infomercials. Products that claim overnight wrinkle reduction, hair growth for those experiencing early pattern baldness, or instant weight loss are commonly viewed as unreliable at best and a total scam at their worst† (2014). However, in order to have a fundamental understanding of what unethical marketing is one must understand what constitutes ethics in marketing, what are some of the laws and code of ethics that protect unethical practices, and what are some examples of unethical behavior in marketing and their consequences. To get a better understanding what constitutes unethical marketing, let us take a look at what marketing ethics mean. Penn (2012) stated â€Å"marketing ethics† is a standard by which moral principles are considered within the marketing profession and execution of an advertising campaign or overall strategy for a business and/or organizations. He continued to discuss, the reason we look to the field of applied ethics is that by definition, marketing is working with a large number of people, and attempting to define right and wrong or good and bad is an exercise in futility. Rather, we have to look to the people we are serving and try to match what we do to the greatest good for them as we understand it (Penn, 2012). As we have learned marketing creates a competitive advantage between organizations in order to keep current customers and acquire new customers; companies should also be focused and aware of the wants and needs of their customers. By focusing on the long term interests of their customers, using good marketing techniques and acting ethically while doing so helps a business to be as successful as possible. Unfortunately, many organizations today still act unethically. So the question then one must ask is, what are some of the laws and code of ethics that protect unethical practices? Ethical guidelines are critical to establishing a trustworthy reputation in the marketing industry. Enforcing the guidelines is critical for maintaining the reputation and business (Dean, 2010). The Federal Trade Commission and the American Marketing Association have made laws and codes that specifically deal with unethical issues in marketing. Let us first discuss the Federal Trade Commission, it was formed in 1914 and its overall goal is prevent business practices that are anti-competitive, deceptive or unfair to consumers; also to enhance informed consumer choice and public understanding of the competitive process; and finally to accomplish this without unduly burdening legitimate business activity (The Federal Trade Commission, 2014). Dean (2010) in an article called â€Å"Ethical imperatives of a marketing company† pointed out that â€Å"The Federal Trade Commissions Bureau of Competition enforces the nations antitrust laws, which form the foundation of our free market economy. The antitrust laws promote the interests of consumers; they support unfettered markets and result in lower prices and more choices. We can see that the Federal Trade Commissions Bureau of Competition protects not only consumers but businesses as well from exploiting marketing strategies that create an unfair advantage by enforcing the laws and ethical guidelines. Another agency that provides a code of ethics that protects against unethical marketing is the American Marketing Association. The roots of the American Marketing Association (AMA) can be traced to the early 1900’s when the National Association of Teachers of Advertisers and American Marketing Society, comprised of marketers and marketing researchers, merged to bring together all marketers, across all specialties to collaborate and inspire one another (American Marketing Association, 2014). The article continues to discuss how the AMA commits itself to promoting the highest standard of professional ethical norms and values for its members (practitioners, academics and students). Below are some examples of ethical norms and values: ETHICAL NORMS As Marketers, we must: Do no harm. This means consciously avoiding harmful actions or omissions by embodying high ethical standards and adhering to all applicable laws and regulations in the choices we make. Foster trust in the marketing system. This means striving for good faith and fair dealing so as to contribute toward the efficacy of the exchange process as well as avoiding deception in product design, pricing, communication, and delivery of distribution. Embrace ethical values. This means building relationships and enhancing consumer confidence in the integrity of marketing by affirming these core values: honesty, responsibility, fairness, respect, transparency and citizenship. ETHICAL VALUES Honesty – to be forthright in dealings with customers and stakeholders To this end, we will: Strive to be truthful in all situations and at all times. Offer products of value that do what we claim in our communications. Stand behind our products if they fail to deliver their claimed benefits. Honor our explicit and implicit commitments and promises. Responsibility – to accept the consequences of our marketing decisions and strategies To this end, we will: Strive to serve the needs of customers. Avoid using coercion with all stakeholders. Acknowledge the social obligations to stakeholders that come with increased marketing and economic power. Recognize our special commitments to vulnerable market segments such as children, seniors, the economically impoverished, market illiterates and others who may be substantially disadvantaged. Consider environmental stewardship in our decision-making. It is understood that the main goal of the AMA’s statement of ethics is to help the industry understand the code of ethics and to provide businesses with the proper usage of the ethical norms and ethical values. We have looked at how the Federal Trade Commission and the American Marketing Association provide guidelines, code of ethics and laws to prevent and instill ethical business practices in organizations. Let us now take a look at some examples of unethical behavior in marketing and their consequences. Burrow (2014) has indicated that ethical marketing involves making honest claims and helping to satisfy the needs of customers. Besides being the right thing to do, ethical marketing can have significant benefits for your business. For example, if customers believe you’ll live up to your word, brand loyalty will develop, customer retention will increase and your customers will tell others of their good experiences. If this is the case then why do organizations and/or businesses persist on having unethical marketing behaviors? Mack (2014) goes into detail in his article called â€Å"Unethical Activities in the Field of Marketing† on how unethical marketing activities, in contrast, can destroy your businesss reputation and possibly lead to legal troubles. He goes on to discusses and provide a few examples of unethical marketing activities: Misleading Advertising – Outright false advertising is illegal. For example, reporting that your product is safe for people to use when it isn’t can land you in serious trouble. Misleading advertising might not rise to the level of false advertising, but it’s unethical and can hurt your reputation with the public. For example, if you claim your product is much better than it actually is, your company will appear untrustworthy. While it’s important to put your best foot forward in marketing, avoid crossing the line by making dishonest or exaggerated claims. Exploitation – Manipulating people by exploiting their fears is unethical. For example, exaggerating the risks people face so you can sell them insurance is a form of manipulation, as is tricking your customers into buying overpriced or useless extended warranties. This approach is called the â€Å"fear-sell† tactic and is especially immoral when it targets people who are disadvantaged in some way. For example, the fear-sell tactic is often used by insurance salesmen to trick low-income earners into buying unnecessary insurance. Pushy Sales Tactics – It’s a salesperson’s job to convince customers to buy a product, but being overly aggressive is unethical. For example, suppose a customer seems interested in a purchase but asks for more time to consider the deal. An unethical salesperson might bully the customer into making a quick decision, perhaps by lying about how the deal will expire soon or how another customer is interested in the same item. The line between being persuasive and being a bully isn’t always clear, so its more ethical to focus on helping customers make informed decisions rather than focusing on making the sale at any cost. There are many more examples of unethical behavior in marketing but we can see from the above examples that unethical behavior in marketing can be both illegal and immoral. It is no wonder why we have the Federal Trade Commission making laws and American Marketing Association providing code of ethics for organizations and business to abide by. It is unfortunate that many businesses and/or organization practice unethical behavior in order to get an unfair advantage on the competition. As many more businesses compete against each other for the market it is unlikely that unethical behavior will be going away any time soon. It is up to the consumers that are victimized and those employees that see unethical acts that need to stand up and turn in those businesses in. In the meantime all we can do is hope and have faith that businesses and/or organizations are aware of the laws and code of ethics and act responsible and ethically when dealing with consumers and each other.